PERBANDINGAN FORMULASI TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN SEKSUAL DALAM KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA DAN RANCANGAN UNDANG-UNDANG PENGHAPUSAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL

Kekerasan seksual merupakan salah satu problematika yang telah bergulir sejak lama dan meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Kekerasan seksual telah mengkhawatirkan banyak pihak khususnya bagi perempuan, anak dan kelompok rentan lainnya. Problematika inilah yang mendorong adanya bentuk elaborasi dari negara dengan menjadikan RUU Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual masuk kedalam Program Legislasi Nasional (PROLEGNAS) tahun 2020. RUU PKS secara implisit mengatur tindak pidana kekerasan seksual secara lebih komperhensif ini yang menjadi dasar hukum yang berbeda dari KUHP. Dalam penelitian ini membahas bagaimana perbandingan formulasi tindak pidana kekerasan seksual dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual dengan KUHP, penerapan formulasi tindak pidana kekerasan seksual dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana saat ini, serta konsep solusi dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analisis. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif. Tahap penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian kepustakaan yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier serta penelitian lapangan dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan dengan melakukan penelitian terhadap dokumen-dokumen dan studi lapangan dengan melakukan wawancara. Analisis data berupa yuridis kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbandingan formulasi tindak pidana kekerasan seksual dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual dengan KUHP dilihat dari perbandingan pada pasal yang mengatur, perbandingan dari unsur-unsur dan perbandingan dari aspek pemidanaan. Penerapan formulasi tindak pidana kekerasan seksual dalam KUHP saat ini tidak begitu holistic mengenai kekerasan seksual disebabkan kunci utamanya hanya mengenal istilah perkosaan dan perbuatan cabul yang didalam keduanya disisipkan kata “bersetubuh”. Kemudian konsep solusi dalam Rancangan Undangan-Undangan Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual menawarkan ada 9 (sembilan) jenis kekerasan seksual, mengatur ketentuan mengenai pencegahan, mengatur ketentuan pidana sistem dua jalur (double track system) pemidanaan dan mengatur mengenai pemulihan. Kata kunci: Perbandingan, Formulasi, Tindak pidana

Kinetic and equilibrium modeling of Cu(II) and Ni(II) sorption onto physically pretreated Rosa centifolia distillation waste biomass

The removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution by physically pretreated (boiled, heated and autoclaved) Rosa centifolia distillation waste biomass was conducted in batch conditions. The obtained results revealed that initial metal ion concentration, kinetics, and temperature affected the adsorption capacity of the physically pretreated R. centifolia distillation waste biomass. The Cu(II) and Ni(II) equilibrium sorption data agreed well to Langmuir isotherm model and the sorption kinetics were accurately described by pseudo second order kinetic model. The Cu(II) and Ni(II) uptake capacities (mg g-1) of physical pretreated R. centifolia distillation waste biomass were in following order: boiled (66.91) > heated (52.51) > autoclaved (49.82) > native (42.68) and boiled (67.55) > heated (65.19) > autoclaved (58.09) > native (45.19), respectively. The nature of R. centifolia distillation waste biomass surface functionalities was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy.Keywords: Cu(II), Ni(II), isotherms, kinetics, pretreatment, Rosa centifolia

Genetic basis of variation for seedling traits in Gossypium hirsutum L.

A 6 × 6 complete diallel analysis was performed to study the inheritance of seedling traits in cotton. Significant differences among genotypes showed the genetic variation and formal analysis predicted the presence of both additive and non-additive genetic variation for inheritance of seedling traits. Further, the estimates of genetic components D, H1 and H2 confirmed the presence of both additive and non-additive genetic effects for all the characteristics. Dominant genes were responsible for theincrease of seedling shoot length, root length, shoot weight and root weight. However, recessive genes were accountable for the increase of shoot root ratio by length and by weight. Seedling shoot length, root length and root weight can be improved through heterosis breeding. The magnitude of broad sense heritability was greater than narrow sense for all the six traits under study hence diminished the scope of selection in the early segregating generation therefore pedigree breeding method is suggested for the improvement of these traits.Key words: Additive dominance model, gene action, Gossypium hirsutum L, heritability, seedling traits

Use of low-cost particle counters for cotton dust exposure assessment in textile mills in low- and middle-income countries

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of consensus on methods for cotton dust measurement in the textile industry, and techniques vary between countries-relying mostly on cumbersome, traditional approaches. We undertook comparisons of standard, gravimetric methods with low-cost optical particle counters for personal and area dust measurements in textile mills in Pakistan. METHODS: We included male textile workers from the weaving sections of seven cotton mills in Karachi. We used the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) sampler with a Casella Apex 2 standard pump and the Purple Air (PA-II-SD) for measuring personal exposures to inhalable airborne particles (n = 31). We used the Dylos DC1700 particle counter, in addition to the two above, for area-level measurements (n = 29). RESULTS: There were no significant correlations between the IOM and PA for personal dust measurements using the original (r = -0.15, P = 0.4) or log-transformed data (r = -0.32, P = 0.07). Similarly, there were no significant correlations when comparing the IOM with either of the particle counters (PA and Dylos) for area dust measurements, using the original (r = -0.07, P = 0.7; r = 0.10, P = 0.6) or log-transformed data (r = -0.09, P = 0.6; r = 0.07, P = 0.7). CONCLUSION: Our findings show a lack of correlation between the gravimetric method and the use of particle counters in both personal and area measurements of cotton dust, precluding their use for measuring occupational exposures to airborne dust in textile mills. There continues to be a need to develop low-cost instruments to help textile industries in low- and middle-income countries to perform cotton dust exposure assessment

Changes in synergy of transtibial amputee during gait: A pilot study

The number of lower limb amputations is increasing significantly in developed countries. The knowledge of muscle synergy in subjects with loss of muscles could help to understand the general neural strategy underlying muscle coordination in walking. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in healthy subject's dominant leg, amputee's intact leg (IL) and the amputee's prosthetic leg (PL) muscles using synergy analysis. Concatenated non-negative matrix factorization (CNMF) was performed to divide the surface electromyography (sEMG) data obtained from 6 upper knee and 4 shank muscles into muscle synergy (S) and activation coefficient profile (C) during walking. The difference in S showed low to high correlations inter-subjectively. The high correlation suggests that the central nervous system (CNS) activates the same groups of muscles synergistically. Amputee's muscle alterations due to inadequate proprioceptive feedback, weight bearing deficiency in PL and prosthesis type could lead to a low correlation in S between groups. The C showed to be statistically significantly different in some regions of the gait cycle (GC). These findings could provide valuable information for rehabilitation purposes and development of a synergy-based controller from sEMG for future generations of prostheses

A Real-Time Gait Event Detection for Lower Limb Prosthesis Control and Evaluation

Lower extremity amputees suffer from mobility limitations which will result in a degradation of their quality of life. Wearable sensors are frequently used to assess spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters providing the means to establish an interactive control of the amputee-prosthesis-environment system. Gait events and the gait phase detection of an amputee’s locomotion are vital for controlling lower limb prosthetic devices. The paper presents an approach to real-time gait event detection for lower limb amputees using a wireless gyroscope attached to the shank when performing level ground and ramp activities. The results were validated using both healthy and amputee subjects and showed that the time differences in identifying Initial Contact (IC) and Toe Off (TO) events were larger in a transfemoral amputee when compared to the control subjects and a transtibial amputee (TTA). Overall, the time difference latency lies within a range of ± 50 ms while the detection rate was 100% for all activities. Based on the validated results, the IC and TO events can be accurately detected using the proposed system in both control subjects and amputees when performing activities of daily living and can also be utilized in the clinical setup for rehabilitation and assessing the performance of lower limb prosthesis users

Real-time gait event detection for lower limb amputees using a single wearable sensor

This paper presents a rule-based real-time gait event/phase detection system (R-GEDS) using a shank mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) for lower limb amputees during the level ground walking. Development of the algorithm is based on the shank angular velocity in the sagittal plane and linear acceleration signal in the shank longitudinal direction. System performance was evaluated with four control subjects (CS) and one transfemoral amputee (TFA) and the results were validated with four FlexiForce footswitches (FSW). The results showed a data latency for initial contact (IC) and toe off (TO) within a range of ± 40 ms for both CS and TFA. A delay of about 3.7 ± 62 ms for a foot-flat start (FFS) and an early detection of -9.4 ± 66 ms for heel-off (HO) was found for CS. Prosthetic side showed an early detection of -105 ± 95 ms for FFS whereas intact side showed a delay of 141 ±73 ms for HO. The difference in the kinematics of the TFA and CS is one of the potential reasons for high variations in the time difference. Overall, detection accuracy was 99.78% for all the events in both groups. Based on the validated results, the proposed system can be used to accurately detect the temporal gait events in real-time that leads to the detection of gait phase system and therefore, can be utilized in gait analysis applications and the control of lower limb prostheses

Effect of lead acetate administered orally at different dosage levels in broiler chicks

The project was conducted to evaluate the effect of lead administered as lead acetate at different dosage levels via drinking water in broiler chicks. Thirty-five healthy chicks were divided into seven groups (five chicks each) and one group was kept as un-medicated control. Groups A, B, C, D, E and F were medicated with lead acetate in a single dose at a rate of 80, 120, 160, 200, 240 and 280 mg/kg of body weight respectively for twenty five days consecutively. Various biochemical parameters, that is, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, creatinine and uric acid were determined by using spectrophotometer. A significant (P<0.05) increase was recorded in GPT, creatinine and uric acid levels in all medicated groups. The GPT, creatinine and uric acid levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups medicated with high doses of 240 and 280 mg/kg b.wt of lead acetate. Analysis of variance showed that the DATA were significant not only from the single factor (dose/days) point of view, but also from their combined effect (dose rate × different days of analysis), which gave significant results with a P value less than 0.05. The mortality rate of 20% was observed for the groups medicated with 120, 160 and 200 mg/kg b.wt, while 60% was observed for the groups medicated with 240 and 280 mg/kg b.wt. Postmortem revealed gross lesions on liver, lungs, kidney and brain at high doses of lead acetate. The lead was also accumulated in different organs, such as, the bone (14.83 ± 0.18 μg/g), brain (2.63 ± 0.16 μg/g) and liver (1.05 ± 0.16 μg/g). These results showed that lead possessed significant capability of bioaccumulation. However, it also revealed that lead toxicity increased as the dose increased and high dose of lead caused both hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in broiler chickens.Keywords: Lead acetate, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, broiler chicken

Association between Hepatitis B-Related Knowledge and Health-Related Quality of Life

Purpose: To evaluate the association between patient’s knowledge of Hepatitis-B and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL).Methods: A cross sectional, descriptive study was undertaken with 390 hepatitis-B patients attending two public hospitals in Quetta City, Pakistan. Knowledge of hepatitis-B was assessed using a prevalidated questionnaire. European Quality of Life scale was used for the assessment of HRQoL. Descriptive analysis was used to elaborate patients’ demographic characteristics while inferential statistics were applied to report the association among study variables. Spearman’s rho correlation was used to identify the association between variables.Results: Out of 390, (230, 59.5 %) were males and the mean age of the subjects was 36.2 ± 9.2 years. One hundred and three (26 %) had primary level of education and 109 (27.9 %) were employees in the private sector. Eighty four (21 %) had a monthly income of between 10001-15000 Pakistan rupees (1 PKR = 0.0115527 USD) with 272 (69.7 %) respondents resident in urban areas. Mean HRQoL and Hepatitis-B related knowledge (HBRK) scores were categorized as poor (0.37± 0.3) and (8.52 ± 2.7) respectively. The correlation coefficient between HRQoL and HBRK was -0.102 (p < 0.001), indicating a week negative association between the study variables.Conclusion: The findings indicate a negative association between Hepatitis-B related knowledge and HRQoL. Therefore, providing disease-related knowledge to patients does not necessarily improve HRQoL. More attention should be given to identify individual factors that affect HRQoL among patients with Hepatitis-B.Keywords: Health related quality of life, HRQoL, Hepatitis-B, Disease-related knowledge, Associatio

Consistent association of fungus Fusarium mangiferae Britz with mango malformation disease in Pakistan

Mango malformation disease (MMD) deforms the natural shape of panicles and shoots. The disease incitant is of great concern due to its complexity and mode of infection. Recently, a new species Fusarium mangiferae Britz was confirmed as the etiological agent of MMD in African and Asian clade. There was a need to confirm the fungus in other Asian countries. We investigated the association of F. mangiferae with malformed branches of five exotic and five indigenous cultivars of Mangifera indica L. in Pakistan. F. mangiferae proved to be the dominant fungus hosting majority of the malformed tissues. Among the indigenous cultivars, maximum tissue infection of 96.66% was found in cultivar Anwar Rataul and minimum was found in cultivar Late Chaunsa (48.33%). In exotic ones, maximum and minimum infections of 97.33 and 70.67% were noted in the cultivars Sensation and Pop, respectively. Light and transmission electron microscopy proved helpful in investigating the morphological matrix and ultrastructure of the propagules of fungus F. mangiferae.Key words: Mangifera indica, microconidium, Pakistan, tissue assay, transmission electron microscopy