New generalizations of BCI, BCK and Hilbert algebras

We introduce more generalizations of BCI, BCK and of Hilbert algebras, with proper examples, and show the hierarchies existing between all these algebras, old and new ones. Namely, we found thirty one new generalizations of BCI and BCK algebras and twenty generalizations of Hilbert algebras.Comment: Open problems 11.3 (1), (2), (3) were solved. New (20'), (21''), Theorems 2.4,2.6, Cor. 2.5, 5.5 adde

The Global Financial Crisis: Management of Deficits and Debts

The boom of world trade, the unprecedented openness of domestic markets, regional integration, and the persistence and magnitude of globalisation are as many challenges to the management of the internal balance between revenues and expenditures, both in the context of international, regional, national, and company mechanisms, and for the individual households and consumers. The coexistence of foreign deficits/trade and domestic deficits/ budget at macro level, at the same time with the accumulation of high levels of indebtedness of the states, non-financial corporate entities, and individual households requires, in the context of the present global financial crisis, new theoretical and practical approaches, new institutions, and new policies capable to secure the sustainability of growth, and to diminish the risk of increasingly unpredictable disturbances.global financial crisis, deficit management, indebtness rate, net landing and net borrowing, foreign/trade deficit, domestic/budgerary deficit

Analysing drivers of and barriers to the sustainable development: hidden economy and hidden migration

The actual global crisis seems to influence negatively the sustainable development in EU countries. At least partially the informal economy escapes from the official registered GDP and hidden migration from the official demographic statistics. This can affect in a significant way the measurement of sustainable development and consequently policies in this field. Coming from general accepted findings of the theory, we concentrate on evaluating the reasons of agents to be involved in hidden economy and estimating the size of this part of economy. Today, there are evidences of a tendency to extended hidden migration together with an increasing official migration usually from eastern EU members to western countries. In a sense, hidden migration could be in relation with informal economy. Using some indirect procedures, we try to estimate the size of hidden migration and its impact on the official side of economy and its potential growth in the future. The main application of the developed methodology is in case of Romania.informal income; inactive population; emigration potential; hidden migration

POVERTY, WELL-BEING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: OFFICIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEASURES IN POSTMODERN SOCIETIES

Poverty and well-being are concepts that cannot be separated, and research on poverty is implicitly linked to welfare economics. Poverty, in the complex conditions of modern societies affected by financial and economic crises, requires a clear definition and measures as accurate as possible. The paper presents some issues related to official methods and techniques for estimating poverty. Three steps necessary for poverty measurement are introduced and, also, multidimensional and poverty dynamics analyses are highlighted as important issues for poverty eradication policies. Results on youth poverty dynamics, the duration and recurrence of poverty and the perpetuation of poverty in EU countries are presented. The concepts of poverty risk, as well as some results of the search for key factors influencing the likelihood of being at risk of poverty, is discussed. Traditionally the living standard of households is measured by income, but recently other tools for measuring well-being in the broader framework of postmodern societies have been developed. As examples are some experimental methods and techniques for estimating poverty introduced in the U.S. and the European Union. Also, in the context of discussions related to the design of policies for sustainable development, some aspects of well-being measures in ecological economics are presented

Distributional Impact of Globalization-Induced Migration: Evidence from a Nigerian Village

One of the contentious issues about the globalization process is the mechanism by which globalization affects poverty and inequality. This paper explores one of the various strands of the globalization?inequality?poverty nexus. Using microlevel survey data from over 300 poor households in the small village of Umuluwe (about 30 miles west of the regional capital of Owerri) in Southeast Nigeria, the paper investigates whether individuals who migrate from the village to take advantage of the urban-biased globalization process do better than non-migrant villagers. The paper concludes that while the migrant villagers tend to earn slightly higher incomes than the non-migrant villagers, the poverty profiles of both categories of households are essentially the same. In other words, and contrary to conventional wisdom, globalization has not succeeded in alleviating poverty amongst the poor villagers who explicitly took advantage of the process. The paper argues that, by changing relative prices in the urban areas, structural adjustment appears to have eliminated any advantage that globalization may have bequeathed to the migrant villagers.migration, Nigeria, poverty, prices

Value at Risk: A Comparative Analysis

study develops a comparative analysis concerning Value at Risk measure for a portfolio consisting of three stocks traded at Bucharest Stock Exchange. The analysis set out from 1-day, 1% VaR and has been extended in two directions: the volatility models and the distributions which are used when computing VaR. Thus, the historical volatility, the EWMA volatility model, GARCHtype models for the volatility of the stocks and of the portfolio and a dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model were considered while VaR was computed using, apart from the standard normal distribution, different approaches for taking into account the non-normality of the returns (such as the Cornish-Fisher approximation, the modeling of the empirical distribution of the standardized returns and the Extreme Value Theory approach). The results indicate that using conditional volatility models and distributional tools that account for the non-normality of the returns leads to a better VaR-based risk management. For the considered portfolio VaR computed on the basis of a GARCH (1,1) model for the volatility of the portfolio returns where the standardized returns are modeled using the generalized hyperbolic distribution seems to be the best compromise between precision, capital coverage levels and the required amount of calculations. Moreover, the Expected Shortfall risk measure offers very good precision results in all approaches, but at the cost of rather high capital coverage levels.Value at Risk,dynamic conditional correlation

A Socio-Rhetorical Interpretation of Joshua 6

The ḥērem war in Joshua 6, which demands total destruction of the city and its inhabitants, presents a God who at first glance appears to be merciless and cruel. This thesis employs socio-rhetorical interpretation as described by Vernon Robbins to explore Joshua 6. It aims to better understand God\u27s involvement in the ḥērem war, and to determine what this involvement says about God’s character. The comprehensive picture that emerges from the five textures of sociorhetorical interpretation reveals that Yahweh\u27s anger is not against people or other nations, but against sin that destroys His creation. Rather than being merciless and cruel, a careful study of Joshua 6 shows that Yahweh is in fact merciful and full of love towards His creation. This love is demonstrated in the fact that God accommodates Himself to His sinful people. While violence is used in the process of vi the conquest, it is violence against sin and is redemptive in its nature, bringing salvation a step closer to its final fulfilment. This salvation is intended not only for the Israelites, but also for all the other nations. Joshua 6 also highlights God\u27s love by presenting Him as a covenant keeper, thereby strengthening the faith of the Israelites in Yahweh who keeps His promises

Communicational and message theory concepts and notions

Communicational and Message Theory Concepts and Notions is a book of high intellectual elevation and high expression of ideas of Professor Stefan Vlăduţescu from University of Craiova-Romania, published by Editura Sitech, Craiova, Romania. Communication sciences refers to the schools of scientific research of human communication. This perspective follows the logical positivist tradition of inquiry; most modern communication science falls into a tradition of post-positivism. Thus, communication scientists believe that there is an objective and independent reality that can be accessed through the method of scientific enquiry. A scientist researcher following the zetetic method formulates the question then immediately sets to work making observations and performing experiments to answer that question. Communicational and Message Theory Concepts and Notions is a book about communication sciences in which professor Vlăduţescu approaches the subjects by zetetic method. The research was also combined with empirically traditional method to get both quantitative and qualitative results

Institution, Gender, and Economic Development: A Case Study of Two Igbo Village

This dissertation explores new directions in economic theory based on field research in two Igbo villages in Nigeria (Umuluwe - representative of traditional Igbo villages and Obigo - representative of suburban, more modern, Igbo villages). Results from Ultimatum and Dictator Games played in Umuluwe show the importance of cultural context in economic behavior (endogenous preferences). The importance of endogenous preferences, as opposed to concepts of Pareto efficiency and Potential Pareto Improvement. The information provided by the 2001 survey, regarding the age, ocupation, education, income, number of children, affiliation to different associations, and other data, allows us to compare the social-economic characteristics of the villagers in Umuluwe and Obigbo. The migration between Umuluwe and Obigbo is analysed. Young people from Umuluwe migrate to Obigbo in search of better employment and education opportunities while retired people from Obigbo return to Umuluwe. In addition to the human flows, the the income flows from Obigbo to Umuluwe reveal a symbiotic rural-suburban relationship between the two villages. As modernization changed the traditional socio-economic structure and institution, it also enhanced the role of the symbiotic relationship between the two villages in Igbo society within the traditonal cultural matrix (based on the patrilineal polygamous extended family). Based on the survey results, the labor market decision-making in the two villages is examined using a binary logit model. The occupational structure revealed for Umuluwe and Obigbo villages is analyzed in combination with personal characteristics, households demograhics, and economic conditions in the village of residence. This study allows us to conduct the discussion regarding the probability of an individual to have a paid occupation vs. a non-paid occupation at two levels: (1) decision-making of male vs. female villages and (2) decision-making of Umuluwe vs. Obigbo residents. The results are consistent with the traditional cultural and institutional pattern in Igbo society.