Evaluation Of the Salivary Flow in Patients with Schizophrenia. A Literature Review

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disease that affects approximately 1% of the global population. Schizophrenia is characterised by positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. The etiological factors of this psychiatric illness are not fully deciphered, but the most incriminated are genetic factors and environmental risk factors.The treatment of schizophrenia has the role of reduction the duration and intensity of episodes and consists in the administration of typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs, antiparkinsonian, anxiolytic, sedatives or antidepressants. Of these, some of the drugs may have side effects that modify patients' salivary flow rates.Xerostomy is a subjective sign characterized by a dry mouth sensation and is caused by hypofunction of the salivary glands. According to a series of studies, xerostomia can be an adverse effect of typical antipsychotic medication as well as antiparkinsonian medication. Sialorrhea is caused by hyperfunction of the salivary glands and is characterized by an increased secretion of saliva. This side effect is especially noticeable during the night sleep. Alteration of salivary function creates increased discomfort to the schizophrenic patient, which causes him to give up regular medication.The aim of this study is to review the literature on the link between schizophrenia, the treatment of schizophrenia and impaired salivary function.</em

NON-INTERVENTION VERSUS REPAIR/REPLACEMENT DECISIONS IN POSTERIOR COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS AGED 3-5 YEARS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Aims of study. The aims of study were as follows: assessment of esthetic, functional and biological FDI indices of posterior composite restorations; assessment of decisions for non-intervention vs. repair/replacement of the posterior composite restorations. Materials and method. The retrospective study was performed on a study group of 69 patients (mean age: 25.31± 4,45 yrs; gender: 36 males, 33 females) that were treated for various dental pathologies in Odontology-Periodontology, Fixed Restorations of Clinical Learning Base of Faculty of Dental Medicine, U.M.F. Grigore T.Popa Iași (Romania) with a total number of 309 posterior composite restorations (class I and II Black) aged 3-5 yrs. The composite restorations were clinically evaluated using visual-tactile method. The evaluations were carried out during the recall session by an independent examiner, according to the FDI criteria (esthetic, functional, biological). The frequency of non-intervention versus repair/replacement decision was assessed globally and related to the parameters of the study group (gender, cariogenic risk, cavity design, arch/dental group location). Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 29.0. Quantitative variables were characterized by descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations). Results. In the study group, 38,8% of all composite resin restorations required repair or replacement (FDI scores 4-5). The decisions of repair/replacement related to the assessed variables were as follows: 22,4% (Class I) vs 54,2% (Class II); 30,6% (males) vs 31% (females); 42,9% (high cariogenic risk) vs 20,4% (low cariogenic risk); 29,7% (Mx location) vs 31,5% (Md location); 41,4% (premolars) vs 49,5% (molars). Conclusions. 31% of posterior composite restorations aged 3-5 years require repair or replacement. Surface condition and margin discoloration are most frequent esthetic scores related to decisions of repair or replacement. Significantly higher percentages of Class II composite restorations (versus Class I) and molars restorations (versus premolars) were associated to requires repair or replacement. The most frequent biological score related to replacement decisions is the presence of secondary caries, mostly in Class II restorations

ANALYSIS OF VALIDITY FOR DIFFERENT DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF EARLY PROXIMAL CARIOUS LESIONS

Aim of study was to compare the clinical visual and radiographic diagnostic technique with histological analysis of early proximal carious lesions. Materials and method. Study group included 96 proximal surfaces (48 teeth obtained from dental extractions for orthodontic or periodontal reasons). The proximal surfaces were examined by visual clinical examen and radiographic examen. A histological assessment was performed as gold standard. The sensivity and specificity values were calculated for clinical and radiographic examen. The values were analysed using McNemar test, with significance threshold p < 0.05. Results. Significant statistical differences were obtained when comparing both the sensitivity and specificity of the radiological detection method compared to the clinical method (p=0.0001<0.05). The inter-examiner reproducibility regarding the clinical and radiographic examination was 0.983 and 0.814, respectively, both statistically significant. Conclusions. The conventional radiographic method has proven to have a significantly higher validity in detecting incipient proximal carious lesions compared to the clinical method. The inter-examiner reproducibility in the case of the radiographic method has shown a very high level of agreement, higher than in the case of the clinical method. Conventional radiography can be successfully used in diagnosing incipient carious lesions, but always corroborated with data obtained through visual examination