Thermodynamic study of atmospheric corrosion seasonal kinetic, based on Sun photometer data

Zbog ogromnih gubitaka koji nastaju na strojarskim materijalima, atmosferska korozija predstavlja tehnološki, ekonomski, kao i ekološki problem zbog povećanja sadržaja onečišćenja u životnom okolišu. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati termodinamičke dijagnostike ograničavajućeg stupnja ukupne kinetike korozije uslijed dodira čvrstih površina s vodenom parom, na osnovu podataka dobivenih svakodnevnim promatranjem tlaka vodene pare u Temišvaru 2011., od ožujka do prosinca. Na osnovu sezonskih vrijednosti izračunate su konstante difuzije vodene pare, nastale uslijed gradijenta koncentracije, kao i energije termokemijske aktivacije prvog stupnja korozije, na osnovu Ahrrenijusove jednadžbe. Izračunate relativne sezonske varijacije kemijske polarizacije vodene pare u odnosu na ukupnu promjenu entropije nastale i kondenzacijom na čvrstim površinama, uspoređene su s literaturnim vrijednostima za slobodne Gibbs-energije mogućih produkata relaksacijskih termokemijskih reakcija. Ograničavajući stupanj ukupnog procesa korozije, određen je usporedbom molarnog rada depolarizacije sukcesivnih elektrokemijskih relaksacijskih procesa. Depolarizacijski rad proporcionalan je konstanti brzine sezonski aktiviranih sukcesivnih relaksacijskih procesa u razdoblju koncentracijske depolarizacije vodene pare: elektrokemijske relaksacije kisika i vodika pri pretlaku depolarizacije vodika i standardnom potencijalu indikatora anodnog rastvaranja metala. Podaci rabljeni za izračunavanje tlaka vodene pare u atmosferi dobiveni su pomoću fotometra iz meteorološke stanice na "Politihnici" Sveučilišta u Temišvaru, Rumunjska (45,74 °N; 21,22 °E). Mjerenja su provedena u području valnih duljina 940 nm, uporabom empirijskih modela i podataka o temperaturi, barometarskom tlaku i vlažnosti zraka, a suglasne su s rezultatima 4 različite metode s varijacijama do 2 %.The atmospheric corrosion is a mechanical, technological, economic as well as an ecological problem, due to the enormous losses in corroded vessels material and machine material due to enhanced content of corroded material pollutants in environment. The results of the thermodynamic diagnostic study are given in this paper of the limited step in the water vapor corrosion kinetic based on the monitoring data for the seasonal water vapor pressure measured daily in Timisoara, by 2011, from March to December. Based on the seasonal values of the measured data, the seasonal diffusion rate constants the activation energies of the first chemical corrosion step are determined. The calculated seasonal water vapor chemical surface polarizations relative to the values of equilibrium entropies and also of the condensed water vapor on the solid surfaces are compared with the literature data of the possible products of chemical processes. The thermodynamic diagnostic study of the limited successive relaxation step in overall corrosion kinetic is carried out, based on the comparison of the molar water vapor couple relaxation work. The depolarization work is proportional to the depolarization rate constants of reactants and products activated successively in couple with water vapor concentrations depolarization energy, in the same time period: the electrochemical relaxation for the achievement of oxygen and hydrogen equilibrium in the seasonal activated corrosion cell, hydrogen depolarization energy and oxygen striping indicators standard potential. Data used to calculate the water vapor pressure in atmosphere are based on measurements accomplished by a sun photometer located at the Politechnica University of Timisoara, Romania (45,74 °N; 21,22 °E). The extraction of water vapor amount from sun photometer capacity relies on a measurement in the region of water vapor absorption at 940 nm. In order to apply the empirical models, the temperature, barometric pressure and humidity content have been taken from a weather station. One found that the experimental values of water vapor pressure, obtained using the sun photometer, are comparable with four other methods, and within, the experimental variations is characterized by a relative error of 2 %

Review of the Integration of Hybrid Electric Turbochargers for Mass-Produced Road Vehicles

This study presents the findings of a comprehensive SWOT analysis on the integration of hybrid electric turbochargers (HETs) in mass-produced road vehicles. Through a synthesis of multiple research findings, this study compared the performance of HETs on thermal engines versus traditional turbochargers and HETs on thermal engines versus HETs on hybrid engines. The analysis highlights key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the adoption of HET technology in the automotive industry. The results of the SWOT analysis provide valuable insights for both manufacturers and consumers regarding the feasibility and benefits of adopting HET technology in modern vehicles. By elucidating the fundamental mechanics of turbochargers and demonstrating the potential of hybrid electric turbocharging, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of HETs in shaping the future of automotive engineering. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of HETs to substantially mitigate the environmental impact of the transportation sector by reducing emissions and conserving energy. The novelty of this study is reflected in its comprehensive synthesis of multiple research findings, offering insights into the feasibility and benefits of adopting HET technology in modern vehicles, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the role of HETs in shaping the future of automotive engineering and highlighting their continued significance, as evidenced by the systematic SWOT analysis presented. Their ability to optimize fuel efficiency and power output, coupled with the feasibility of downsized engines, positions HETs as an attractive option for sustainable mobility solutions. Further research is warranted to comprehensively understand the environmental and economic implications of widespread HET adoption