Ferroelectric nanostructure having switchable multi-stable vortex states

A ferroelectric nanostructure formed as a low dimensional nanoscale ferroelectric material having at least one vortex ring of polarization generating an ordered toroid moment switchable between multi-stable states. A stress-free ferroelectric nanodot under open-circuit-like electrical boundary conditions maintains such a vortex structure for their local dipoles when subject to a transverse inhomogeneous static electric field controlling the direction of the macroscopic toroidal moment. Stress is also capable of controlling the vortex\u27s chirality because of the electromechanical coupling that exists in ferroelectric nanodots

Innovative technology for reducing the rate of sediment formation in the power plants channels

This paper considers the increasing the mass transfer intensity due to the use of annular baffles in the tubes of shell-and-tube heat exchange apparatuses. A mathematical model for calculating the system of equations for the evolution of particle distribution in the form of sediments has been developed