Flyback converter employed non-dissipative cell equalization in electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries

The effective and dependable usage of rechargeable batteries has emerged as a central topic for automobile manufacturers in the wake of the rise of electric vehicle technology. When it comes to rechargeable batteries with high specific energy and specific power, lithium-ion battery technology is the most well-known. The low terminal voltage battery cells in the lithium-ion battery pack are linked in series to provide the necessary voltage for the electric vehicle system. The low charge cell in the string limits the usable capacity of the battery pack, though. Disturbances in the battery pack's charge are due to variations in manufacturing quality and to the unique operating circumstances of each individual cell. These inconsistencies cause a decline in usable capacity, a quickening of cell deterioration, and, most significantly, substantial safety issues including overcharging. The cell balancing controller is a critical component of the battery management system in all electric vehicle and hence performs a crucial function in extending battery life and ensuring the battery's safety. This paper presents a hardware-in-the-loop simulation of a RCD buffer included fly-back converter-based active cell equaliser for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. With the equaliser, all the series-connected cells may be brought to a more even State of Charge. All of the MOSFETs employed in the proposed approach are selected for their low conduction loss. The suggested equaliser is able to produce equalization without the need for a switch driving circuit or sophisticated control method, allowing it to function automatically. The system's overall price is reduced, and the balanced circuit's complexity is considerably reduced. In-depth discussions on circuit configuration, operating principle, modeling, and design consideration are presented. Finally, both Matlab simulation results and Hardware-in-loop based experimental findings are offered to back up the claims that the suggested cell equaliser is both practical and effective

Comparative Study of DC-DC Converters for Solar PV with Microgrid Applications

This review emphasizes the role and performance of versatile DC-DC converters in AC/DC and Hybrid microgrid applications, especially when solar (photo voltaic) PV is the major source. Here, the various converter topologies are compared with regard to voltage gain, component count, voltage stress, and soft switching. This study suggests the suitability of the converter based on the source type. The merits of a coupled inductor and interleaved converters in micro gird applications are elucidated. The efficiency and operating frequencies of converts for different operating modes are presented to determine the suitable converters for inductive and resistive loads. The drawbacks of converters are discussed. Finally, the mode of operation of different converts with different grid power sources and its stability and reliability issues are highlighted. In addition, the significance of the converter’s size and cost-effectiveness when choosing various PV source applications are discussed

A Comprehensive Framework for Direct Lightning-Structure-Human Interaction Modelling in Heritage Monuments and Safety Assessment

Lightning is a perilous and unavoidable event of nature that presents major deleterious consequences on humans, tall structures, electrical power systems, forests, etc. Though several research studies have been carried out to analyse the sufficiency of a Lightning Protection System (LPS), very few research findings have been reported to assess the extent of risk due to lightning-human interaction in the vicinity of tall structures. This research aims at carrying out detailed modelling and simulation studies of LPS for heritage structure. Several current waveshapes as stipulated in IEC 62305 are modelled appropriately and presented to the electrical equivalent circuit representation of a heritage monument in South India (Brihadisvara Temple) to ascertain the impact of lightning parameters on heritage monuments. In addition, to assess the effectiveness of the earthing system, detailed earthing models during lightning is developed to assess the role played by aspects such as soil resistivity (single and double), earth electrode dimensions, nature of elements in the equivalent circuit, etc. Further, the role of lightning strikes on human due to step and touch potential is ascertained by formulating a lumped electrical equivalent model of human to assess its role and impact on dry and wet skin

Comparative Study of DC-DC Converters for Solar PV with Microgrid Applications

This review emphasizes the role and performance of versatile DC-DC converters in AC/DC and Hybrid microgrid applications, especially when solar (photo voltaic) PV is the major source. Here, the various converter topologies are compared with regard to voltage gain, component count, voltage stress, and soft switching. This study suggests the suitability of the converter based on the source type. The merits of a coupled inductor and interleaved converters in micro gird applications are elucidated. The efficiency and operating frequencies of converts for different operating modes are presented to determine the suitable converters for inductive and resistive loads. The drawbacks of converters are discussed. Finally, the mode of operation of different converts with different grid power sources and its stability and reliability issues are highlighted. In addition, the significance of the converter’s size and cost-effectiveness when choosing various PV source applications are discussed

Investigation of high gain DC/DC converter for solar PV applications

Integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into a microgrid is accomplished with the help of a dual-diode, dual-capacitor, and single-switch DC-DC boost converter. At the output, a power of 400W transfer is achieved together with a voltage gain of 3.92. The converter may be operated in two primary forms, both of that are based on the ON/OFF switches. The benefits that may be noticed in practice from the hardware output are high reliability and decreased switching losses. The properties of the converter are determined via an open loop system that uses pulse width modulation (PWM) switching at 20 kHz. An examination of the step response is carried out. The validations of the proposed converter topology has been compared with the recent converter topologies. The performance of the converter has been evaluated in terms of voltage gain

A Bayesian Optimized Deep Learning Approach for Accurate State of Charge Estimation of Lithium Ion Batteries Used for Electric Vehicle Application

Battery technology used in Electric Vehicles has recently drawn numerous researchers’ attention. Monitoring of battery condition, especially the state of charge, is necessary to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the battery. Even though researchers have proposed numerous SOC estimation techniques, exploration is still required to find a suitable technique that can adapt versatile lithium-ion battery chemistries. Deep learning (DL) is a well-known machine learning strategy that has been shown to outperform many other approaches for SOC estimation in recent studies. However, choosing the right hyperparameters and appropriate use of suitable input parameters is crucial to get the best performance out of DL models. Currently, researchers use well-established heuristics approaches to choose hyperparameters by manual tuning or using thorough search techniques like grid search and random search. This leads the models to be inefficient and less accurate. This paper suggests a methodical, automated procedure for choosing hyperparameters using a Bayesian optimisation algorithm. In addition to that, average voltage and average current are used as the important input parameters along with battery parameters (current, voltage and temperature) for accurate SOC prediction as they involve the past and present history of voltages and load conditions, respectively. The proposed methods are validated and tested for varying hidden neuron count with four different datasets involving different temperatures, namely, -10°C, 0°C, 10°C and 25°C. The findings demonstrate that, for all three RNN types (LSTM, GRU and BiLSTM), the ideal configuration yields SOC estimations with less than 2% root mean square and 5% maximum error. Among the three, BiLSTM with 70 hidden neurons estimates SOC with reduced estimation error compared to other methods. By utilizing the suggested approach, battery management systems that monitor the condition of batteries in various environmental circumstances can become more reliable

A Comprehensive Framework for Direct Lightning-Structure-Human Interaction Modelling in Heritage Monuments and Safety Assessment

Lightning is a perilous and unavoidable event of nature that presents major deleterious consequences on humans, tall structures, electrical power systems, forests, etc. Though several research studies have been carried out to analyse the sufficiency of a Lightning Protection System (LPS), very few research findings have been reported to assess the extent of risk due to lightning-human interaction in the vicinity of tall structures. This research aims at carrying out detailed modelling and simulation studies of LPS for heritage structure. Several current waveshapes as stipulated in IEC 62305 are modelled appropriately and presented to the electrical equivalent circuit representation of a heritage monument in South India (Brihadisvara Temple) to ascertain the impact of lightning parameters on heritage monuments. In addition, to assess the effectiveness of the earthing system, detailed earthing models during lightning is developed to assess the role played by aspects such as soil resistivity (single and double), earth electrode dimensions, nature of elements in the equivalent circuit, etc. Further, the role of lightning strikes on human due to step and touch potential is ascertained by formulating a lumped electrical equivalent model of human to assess its role and impact on dry and wet skin

Analysis on various optimization techniques used for Load Frequency Control in power system

In a unified power system the Load Frequency Control (LFC) is taken for review looking at all aspects with various optimization techniques for optimizing the parameters of PI, PID and Fuzzy controllers. The power system with multi area consists of conventional, renewable and combination of both with some energy devices like SMES, battery sources is analyzed specifically in this manuscript. The controllers are designed for a deregulated environment of a power system for LFC. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) and some other control techniques are used to control LFC under various disturbances like GRC and dead band control. For the readers ease of understanding the time response comparison graph of the controller for single and multiple areas of power system is depicted