On Some Properties and Estimation of Size-Biased Polya-Eggenberger Distribution

A size-biased version of Polya-Eggenberger distribution is introduced explicitly and by a mixture model. The proposed distribution is unimodal with positive integer moments. The recurrence relation between moments (about the origin) of the proposed distribution is established and its relationship with other distributions is discussed. Different estimation techniques are proposed to estimate the parameters of the distribution

On Characterizations of Exponential Distribution through Order Statistics and Record Values with Random Shifts

Distributional relations of the form Y d= X +T where X, Y, and T are record values or order statistics and the random translator T is independent from X are considered. Characterizations of the exponential distribution when the ordered random variables are non-neighboring are proved. Corollaries for Pareto and power function distributions are also derived

Feudalism in Central Asian Khanates (18th – Early 20th centuries).

Comprising the territories between the Amu and Syr Rivers (Mawaranahr in Arabic), Xinjiang or Chinese Central Asia,Khwarizm, Afghanistan, North West Frontiers of India including Sind, Multan and Kashmir, Mongolia and Tibet. Located on the cross roads of Grand Silk Route, the region had several fascinations: the home to diverse ethnic groups, and rich arts, cultures, faiths, learning and philosophy. Nonetheless, the region was largely landlocked and characteristic of barbarism and backwardness due to the presence of a swath of ethno-tribal and nomadic and semi-nomadic groups and communities. With the discovery of Sea Routes, Central Asia lost strategic importance, and the world focus shifted to outward, seaward, and westwards thereby subjecting the region to partial hibernation. Although the entire dynamics of the regions past was meticulously highlighted by the Western and Russian scholars, the issues concerning land tenures and tribal organization were not analytically examined by them for certain limitations. True the foreign travelers plugged the gap. But since they belonged to a different educational background, they could not, as such, present a scientific view of the land tenures in terms of feudal mode of production.Digital copy of ThesisUniversity of Kashmir

Evaluation of incidence and severity of postoperative hypoxemia in neurosurgical patients during transportation from operation theater to surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary care unit, Kashmir, India

Background:Postoperative hypoxemia during transportation from operation theater to intensive care unit is common among neurosurgical patients. Methadology: Arterial oxygen saturation (Spo2) and arterial blood gas analysis was performed postoperatively before and after shifting a group of sixty patients with ASA I and ASA II status undergoing various elective neurosurgical procedures under general anesthesia at Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Srinagar , Kashmir. Statistical analysis: The data was analyzed using SPSS version 13. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables and student’s t test was used for continuous variables with normal distribution. The data was collected, compiled and statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The values were expressed as mean±SD and a p value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: SpO2 before and after transporting the patients to SICU in group I was 98.90±0.45 and 86.70±3.85 respectively, whereas in group II, the SpO2 values were 98.80±0.52 and 93.95±3.99 respectively. In group III the mean SpO2 before and after transportation was 97.60±1.96 and 83.95±8.64 respectively. The difference in SpO2 in all the three groups before and after transportation was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: We recommend supplemental oxygen administration in all neurosurgical patients during transportation from operation theater to intensive care unit

Dimethoate Induced Behavioural Changes in Juveniles of Cyprinus carpio

The present study was designed to investigate acute toxicity of dimethoate on juvenile Cyprinus carpio var. communis. Fishes weighing 10±2 gms were selected and mortality data was statistically evaluated by Finney’s Probit Method. The 96-hour LC50 value for Cyprinus carpio was found as 1.1 ppm in static bioassay system. Mean values of physicochemical parameters of aquarium waters determined during bioassay depicted slight variation indicating that the mortality in aquarium fishes occurred due to pesticide exposure and not suffocation. Lab. temperature ranged from 12 to 13°C; water temperature ranged from 11 to 12°C; dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.90 to 4.56 mg/L; pH ranged from 6.90 to 7.05; total dissolved solids ranged from 2.66 to 3.0 × 103 mg/L, while CO2 remained at a constant value of 2.0 mg/L. The fishes elicited various behavioural responses such as uncoordinated movements, convulsions, excessive mucus secretion, and imbalanced swimming which ended in a collapse to the bottom of the aquarium. Prior to death, the clinical signs like scale erosion, pale body colour, and hemorrhagic patches over the body were noticed which became more vivid up to the termination of experiments. Results of the study indicate potential toxicity of dimethoate in fingerlings of common carp for which the natural waterbodies must be continuously monitored to reduce its impact across food chains

Chitosan nanoparticles: a versatile platform for biomedical applications

Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer that has been extensively explored in recent decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved chitosan for wound treatment and nutritional use. Furthermore, chitosan has paved the way for advancements in different biomedical applications including as a nanocarrier and tissue-engineering scaffold. Its antibacterial, antioxidant, and haemostatic properties make it an excellent option for wound dressings. Because of its hydrophilic nature, chitosan is an ideal starting material for biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels. To suit specific application demands, chitosan can be combined with fillers, such as hydroxyapatite, to modify the mechanical characteristics of pH-sensitive hydrogels. Furthermore, the cationic characteristics of chitosan have made it a popular choice for gene delivery and cancer therapy. Thus, the use of chitosan nanoparticles in developing novel drug delivery systems has received special attention. This review aims to provide an overview of chitosan-based nanoparticles, focusing on their versatile properties and different applications in biomedical sciences and engineering.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sustained proliferation in cancer: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets

Proliferation is an important part of cancer development and progression. This is manifest by altered expression and/or activity of cell cycle related proteins. Constitutive activation of many signal transduction pathways also stimulates cell growth. Early steps in tumor development are associated with a fibrogenic response and the development of a hypoxic environment which favors the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. Part of the survival strategy of cancer stem cells may manifested by alterations in cell metabolism. Once tumors appear, growth and metastasis may be supported by overproduction of appropriate hormones (in hormonally dependent cancers), by promoting angiogenesis, by undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by triggering autophagy, and by taking cues from surrounding stromal cells. A number of natural compounds (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, brassinin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagitannins, lycopene and quercetin) have been found to inhibit one or more pathways that contribute to proliferation (e.g., hypoxia inducible factor 1, nuclear factor kappa B, phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, Wnt, cell cycle associated proteins, as well as androgen and estrogen receptor signaling). These data, in combination with bioinformatics analyses, will be very important for identifying signaling pathways and molecular targets that may provide early diagnostic markers and/or critical targets for the development of new drugs or drug combinations that block tumor formation and progression

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Land Grant System and its Impact on the Pre-modern Central Asia

Pre-modern Central Asia was comprised of three principalities: 1. the Emirate of Bukhara, and Khanates of 2. Khiva and 3. Khokand. These principalities were caught in the web of socio-economic and political crises. To cope with these crises and to solve the problem of the expenditure of huge administrative costs, the Khans and Amirs distributed some portions of land from the state lands (amlok) as grants among their heirs, both civil and military officials. This paper concludes that instead of solving the problems, the distribution of land grant adversely affected the normative political order. The grantees, as landlords, began exercising enormous political and economic powers. These actions created immense exploitation of the subaltern tenants. The landlords siphoned off the tenants’ surplus and consequently subjected them to the most appalling conditions with their housing, food, and clothing

Impact of remittances on exports and economic growth: a cross country analysis

We present robust results on the impact of remittances on exports and economic growth for panel data sets of 38 high-income and 50 middle-income countries for 2000-2020. First, we estimate the impact of remittances on exports after controlling economic growth. By panel dynamic panel estimation, when regressing remittances on exports, remittances show an inverse U-shaped relationship with a threshold value of ln(12.63) for high-income and ln(15.66) middle-income countries above which exports begin to rise. Economic growth is showing a positive and significant impact on exports. Second, we estimate the impact of remittances and exports on economic growth after controlling various macro determinants of economic growth. On economic growth, remittances present a U-shaped relationship with threshold value ln (12.63) for higher income and ln(15.66) for lower-income countries above which economic growth starts to decline. Exports are showing a positive and significant effect on economic growth. A 100% increase in exports leads to a 15% and 12% increase in exports of high-income and middle-income countries. The other variables like physical capital per labour and human capital are showing a positive and significant impact on economic growth. Government expenditure has a negative coefficient, thus, it deteriorates economic growth