Role of Public Expenditures and Macroeconomic Uncertainty in Determining Private Investment in Large Scale Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

Considering the importance of large scale manufacturing sector in Pakistan economy we analysed investment behavior of private sector in large scale manufacturing. The main emphasis in this paper has been to explore the role of public expenditures development and non development) and macroeconomic uncertainty in determining private sector’s fixed investment in large scale manufacturing. It is found that most of the series are non-stationary and there is one cointegrating relationship between the private investment, public consumption expenditures, public development expenditures and size of market. The dynamic ECM model of private investment indicates public development expenditures enhance the private investment whereas non-development expenditures and macroeconomic uncertainty negatively affect private investment.Private Investment, Public Expenditures, Macroeconomic-uncertainty, Largescale, Cointegration, ecrror correction, pakistan Manufacturing, Cointegration, Pakistan.

Effect of Government Spending and Macro-Economic Uncertainty on Private Investment in Services Sector: Evidence from Pakistan

This study examines the effect of government spending and macroeconomic uncertainty on private fixed investment in services sector of the Pakistan for the period from 1972 to 2005. We first investigated time series properties of data then estimated long run model using cointegration technique. The results show that government spending and interest rate affect private investment in services sector in Pakistan. The preferred short-run dynamic investment function indicates that increase in government current spending and interest rate discourages private investment and similarly macroeconomic instability and uncertainty affect the private investment negatively.Private Investment, Government Expenditure, Macroeconomic uncertainty, Services Sector, Co-integration, Pakistan

Dynamic Modeling of Private Investment in the Agricultural Sector of Pakistan

The study attempts an empirical assessment of the effects of macroeconomic instability and public expenditures on private fixed investment in agriculture. We estimated the specified private fixed investment model. First applying ADF test for unit root analysis on individual series, and then examining cointegration relationship between private fixed investment in agriculture and its determinants using Johansen (1988) method. The stable short-run dynamic function for private fixed investment in agriculture is estimated. The result confirmed that public development expenditures enhance the private investment in agriculture sector. Macroeconomic instability and uncertainty depresses private inves tment for agriculture by creating uncertain current and future environment.

Traffic Congestion Detection System Using Wireless Sensor Network

Traffic congestion has been a problem for a long time. It is known that traffic congestion would cause delays, high fuel consumption and high pollution index. In order to avoid high levels of road traffic congestion, a reliable and accurate detection system is needed. By using traffic parameters such as speed and density of vehicles the road, an application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) could be utilised. The evaluation of the road traffic congestion detection system includes the presence of congestion and the level of congestion itself. This detection system will be implemented on a scaled-down prototype/modelling in order to test the effectiveness

On Modulo AG-groupoids

A groupoid G is called an AG-groupoid if it satisfies the left invertive law: (ab)c = (cb)a. An AG-group G, is an AG-groupoid with left identity e \in G (that is, ea = a for all a \in G) and for all a \in G there exists a' \in G such that a.a' = a'.a = e. In this article we introduce the concept of AG-groupoids (mod n) and AG-group (mod n) using Vasantha's constructions [1]. This enables us to prove that AG-groupoids (mod n) and AG-groups (mod n) exist for every integer n \geq 3. We also give some nice characterizations of some classes of AG-groupoids in terms of AG-groupoids (mod n).Comment: 10 page