TITAC-2: An asynchronous 32-bit microprocessor based on Scalable-Delay-Insensitive model

Asynchronous design has a potential of solving many difficulties, such as clock skew and power consumption, which synchronous counterpart suffers with current and future VLSI technologies. This paper proposes a new delay model, the scalable-delay-insensitive (SDI) model, for dependable and high-performance asynchronous VLSI system design. Then, based on the SDI model, the paper presents the design, chip implementation, and evaluation results of a 32-bit asynchronous microprocessor TITAC-2 whose instruction set is based on the MIPS R2000. The measured performance of TITAC-2 is 52.3MIPS using the Dhrystone V2.1 benchmark. 1 Introduction Projecting forward from today, several reports suggest that, in 10 years, the CMOS technology will reach a point where the switching delay for a single gate is close to 10 picoseconds while a single chip area is nearly 10 square centimeters, with wiring moving into dominance[1]. The dominant wiring delay poses a fundamental limitation on synchronous syste..

Efficacy and safety of benralizumab in Japanese patients with severe, uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma

Background: In the Phase III CALIMA trial, benralizumab significantly reduced asthma exacerbations, increased lung function, and alleviated symptoms for patients with severe, uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma. The aim of this subgroup analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of benralizumab for Japanese patients in the CALIMA trial. Methods: CALIMA was a randomised, controlled trial of 1306 patients (aged 12–75 years; registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01914757) with severe asthma uncontrolled by medium- to high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-agonists (ICS/LABA). Patients received 56 weeks' benralizumab 30 mg either every 4 weeks (Q4W) or every 8 weeks (Q8W; first three doses Q4W), or placebo Q4W. The primary analysis population was patients receiving high-dosage ICS/LABA with blood eosinophils ≥300 cells/μL. This subgroup analysis covered Japanese patients from this group. Results: Of 83 patients randomised in Japan, 46 were receiving high-dosage ICS/LABA and had blood eosinophils ≥300 cells/μL. Compared with placebo, benralizumab reduced the annual rate of asthma exacerbations by 66% (Q4W; rate ratio 0.34, 95% CI, 0.11–0.99) and 83% (Q8W; rate ratio 0.17, 95% CI, 0.05–0.60); increased prebronchodilator FEV1 by 0.334 L (Q4W; 95% CI, 0.020–0.647) and 0.198 L (Q8W; 95% CI, −0.118 to 0.514); and decreased total asthma symptom score by 0.17 (Q4W; 95% CI, −0.82 to 0.48) and 0.24 (Q8W; 95% CI, −0.87 to 0.40). Percentages of adverse events were consistent with the overall CALIMA group. Conclusions: Benralizumab reduced annual asthma exacerbations and symptoms, increased lung function, and was well-tolerated by Japanese patients with severe, uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Biologic, Eosinophil, Exacerbation, Interleukin-5 recepto