Hyperelastic, shape‐memorable, and ultra‐cell‐adhesive degradable polycaprolactone‐polyurethane copolymer for tissue regeneration

Novel polycaprolactone-based polyurethane (PCL-PU) copolymers with hyperelasticity, shape-memory, and ultra-cell-adhesion properties are reported as clinically applicable tissue-regenerative biomaterials. New isosorbide derivatives (propoxylated or ethoxylated ones) were developed to improve mechanical properties by enhanced reactivity in copolymer synthesis compared to the original isosorbide. Optimized PCL-PU with propoxylated isosorbide exhibited notable mechanical performance (50 MPa tensile strength and 1150% elongation with hyperelasticity under cyclic load). The shape-memory effect was also revealed in different forms (film, thread, and 3D scaffold) with 40%–80% recovery in tension or compression mode after plastic deformation. The ultra-cell-adhesive property was proven in various cell types which were reasoned to involve the heat shock protein-mediated integrin (α5 and αV) activation, as analyzed by RNA sequencing and inhibition tests. After the tissue regenerative potential (muscle and bone) was confirmed by the myogenic and osteogenic responses in vitro, biodegradability, compatible in vivo tissue response, and healing capacity were investigated with in vivo shape-memorable behavior. The currently exploited PCL-PU, with its multifunctional (hyperelastic, shape-memorable, ultra-celladhesive, and degradable) nature and biocompatibility, is considered a potential tissue- regenerative biomaterial, especially for minimally invasive surgery that requires small incisions to approach large defects with excellent regeneration capacity

R4N+ and Cl??? stabilized ??-formamidinium lead triiodide and efficient bar-coated mini-modules

The higher thermodynamic stability of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) in the yellow non-perovskite (8-phase) than the black perov-skite (a-phase) at room temperature causes spontaneous a-phase to 8-phase transition. Stabilization of a-FAPbI3 by alloying the perovskite composition is limited by band gap broadening and halide segregation. Furthermore, commercial PSCs require coating methods suitable for large-area modules. Herein, we report a-phase stabilization of FAPbI3 without band gap broadening using R4N+ cations and Cl- anions. Subsequently, high-efficiency perovskite so-lar mini-modules (PSMs) were fabricated using a bar-coating process with simultaneous defect passivation and hole-transport promotion which exhibited a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.23% (certified 20.33%, 36.4-cm2 area). The PCE in the 1-cm2 area fabricated by bar-coating was 23.24% (certified 22.79%, the highest in those fabricated by scalable bar-coating method). Furthermore, the encapsulated PSM retained 93% of its initial PCE, even after 870 h under continuous one-sun illumination