Lakša strana kalcija: utjecaj kalcija i mliječnih proizvoda na tjelesnu težinu

This review explains the physiological involvement of calcium in overweight/obesity (as it is understood now) and presents some of the studies where this role has been documented, as well as those reporting no effect of Ca on body weight/composition. Based on much of the presently reported data, Ca and even more so dairy foods, might help in weight reduction/maintenance when combined with energy-restricted diet. The scientific community is in agreement that there is a pressing need for large clinical trials to assess the effect of Ca on weight reduction and to investigate whether weight loss could be achieved easier with Ca supplements or dairy products. It has yet to be learned what amount of Ca would be optimal for those purposes and what influence, if any, an individual’s current Ca intake and existing weight might play. Additionally, it is still hard to pinpoint which component(s) in dairy foods have a role in weight reduction and whether they act alone or in synergism with Ca. Considering the overwhelming prevalence of overweight/obesity and consequences to population health and economic burden it entails, it is of crucial importance to develop strategies to curtail the problem of obesity from all fronts and the one involving Ca seems quite promising. However, more research in this area is necessary.U preglednom radu prikazane su dosadašnje spoznaje o ulozi kalcija u nastanku prekomjerne tjelesne težine te navedeni rezultati istraživanja gdje je taj utjecaj dokazan, kao i nalazi gdje ta uloga kalcija nije potvrđena. Na temelju većine dosad objavljenih radova može se zaključiti da kalcij, a pogotovo mliječni proizvodi, zajedno sa smanjenim energetskim unosom, mogu pridonijeti smanjenju tjelesne težine i/ili održavanju niže tjelesne težine. Međutim treba istaknuti da su postojeći podaci u literaturi nedostatni za konačnu prosudbu utjecaja kalcija na smanjenje tjelesne težine. Nužna su velika klinička istraživanja kojima bi se utvrdilo da li se smanjenje tjelesne težine može lakše i učinkovitije postići suplementiranjem preparatima kalcija ili mliječnim prerađevinama. Nije poznato ni kolika bi količina kalcija bila optimalna u tu svrhu, ni kakav utjecaj može imati uobičajeni unos kalcija i postojeća težina osobe. Također se još ne zna koji bi sastojak ili sastojci u mliječnim prerađevinama mogli imati aktivnu ulogu u smanjenju težine te je li ta uloga izolirana ili je u kombinaciji s kalcijem. S obzirom na golem porast pojave prekomjerne tjelesne težine u ljudi, što ima štetne i zdravstvene i ekonomske posljedice, nužno je razviti mjere za suzbijanje pretilosti i debljine na svim razinama. Strategija koja bi uključivala unos kalcija u hrani čini se razumnim i realnim rješenjem, ali su potrebna daljnja istraživanja kojima bi se konačno potvrdila ta pretpostavka

Ocena wpływu rozwoju branży ІТ na gospodarkę Ukrainy

Poziom rozwoju IT na świecie i ich wpływ na gospodarkę i społeczeństwo jest obecnie szacowany przez wskaźnik gotowości sieciowej (Networked Readiness Index, NRI), który składa się z czterech subindeksów: środowisko wewnętrzne; gotowość na technologie informacyjne; korzystanie z IT przez osoby fizyczne, firmy i państwo; wpływ IT na społeczeństwo i gospodarkę

Gas Sorption and Luminescence Properties of a Terbium(III)-Phosphine Oxide Coordination Material with Two-Dimensional Pore Topology

The structure, stability, gas sorption properties and luminescence behaviour of a new lanthanide-phosphine oxide coordination material are reported. The polymer PCM-15 is based on Tb(III) and tris(p-carboxylated) triphenylphosphine oxide and has a 5,5-connected net topology. It exhibits an infinite three-dimensional structure that incorporates an open, two-dimensional pore structure. The material is thermally robust and remains crystalline under high vacuum at 150 degrees C. When desolvated, the solid has a CO2 BET surface area of 1187 m(2) g(-1) and shows the highest reported uptake of both O-2 and H-2 at 77 K and 1 bar for a lanthanide-based coordination polymer. Isolated Tb(III) centres in the as-synthesized polymer exhibit moderate photoluminescence. However, upon removal of coordinated OH2 ligands, the luminescence intensity was found to approximately double; this process was reversible. Thus, the Tb(III) centre was used as a probe to detect directly the desolvation and resolvation of the polymer.Welch Foundation F-1738, F-1631National Science Foundation 0741973, CHE-0847763Chemistr

Децентралізація управління як фактор підвищення якості системи професійної освіти

Статья посвящена проблемам децентрализации профессионального образования. Исследовано современное состояние системы профессионального образования в Украине и определены основные проблемы, которые негативно сказываются на качестве образовательных услуг. На примере европейской практики управления профессиональным образованием, раскрыта сущность процесса децентрализации, выделены его основные этапы и доказана взаимосвязь между степенью децентрализации и качеством образовательных услуг.In recent years, the system of vocational education and training (VET) in Ukraine has been criticized due to over centralization, which raised a number of challenges, namely discrepancy between economic needs and VET content; impair the prestige of vocational training among the population; deterioration of material and technical base; lack of incentives for staff training; lack of contemporary professional standards for the majority of professions; absence of mechanism for recognition of informal education; shortage of funds and resources for organization of permanent monitoring of qualifications and skills; weak level of social responsibility of stakeholders. Therefore, there is a real necessity in decentralized management, whose main goal is to offer more autonomy to educational establishments and to ensure flexibility in the unstable labor market conditions. European experience has shown that in a decentralized environment, country gives more autonomy for organizational, educational, and economic activities. Autonomy for VET institutions assumes granting more managing freedom that allows quickly and adequately responds to the structural economic shifts, changes in market conjuncture and needs in qualifications without involving central authorities, but in close cooperation with all the social partners at regional and local levels. Decentralization allows educational institutions to make adjustments in educational content, upgrade the professional standards, revise methodology of teaching, close outdated programs and introduce new ones. Moreover, it provides for significant improvement in the economic area, namely sources of updating its own budget planning, the ability to modernize material and technical base, to attract additional funding from social partners. Decentralization of VET system management in Ukraine will improve its content according to regional economic needs; make it more flexible and adapted to the market conditions; involve the social partners to agree on the list of occupations for vocational education and training, standards of professional education, and certification of graduates; ensure the integration of VET into science and industry; coordinate amount of qualified workers and reach a qualitatively new level of education.Стаття присвячена проблемам децентралізації професійної освіти. Досліджено сучасний стан системи професійної освіти в Україні та визначено основні проблеми, що негативно позначаються на якості освітніх послуг. На прикладі європейської практики управління професійною освітою розкрито сутність процесу децентралізації, виділено його основні етапи та доведено взаємозв’язок між ступенем децентралізації та якістю освітніх послуг

Following the excited state relaxation dynamics of indole and 5-hydroxyindole using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy was used to obtain new information about the dynamics of electronic relaxation in gas-phase indole and 5-hydroxyindole following UV excitation with femtosecond laser pulses centred at 249 nm and 273 nm. Our analysis of the data was supported by ab initio calculations at the coupled cluster and complete-active-space self-consistent-field levels. The optically bright 1La and 1Lb electronic states of 1\u3c0\u3c0* character and spectroscopically dark and dissociative 1\u3c0\u3c3* states were all found to play a role in the overall relaxation process. In both molecules we conclude that the initially excited 1La state decays non-adiabatically on a sub 100 fs timescale via two competing pathways, populating either the subsequently long-lived 1Lb state or the 1\u3c0\u3c3* state localised along the N-H coordinate, which exhibits a lifetime on the order of 1 ps. In the case of 5-hydroxyindole, we conclude that the 1\u3c0\u3c3* state localised along the O-H coordinate plays little or no role in the relaxation dynamics at the two excitation wavelengths studied.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Cambios de CEO y presidentes de directorio en el Perú: un enfoque para las empresas peruanas con mayor frecuencia de negociación en la BVL de 1992 al 2014

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar si los anuncios de cambios de CEO y presidentes de Directorio de las empresas listadas en la Bolsa de Valores de Lima (BVL) afectan el valor de la firma en los días cercanos al anuncio. Fue la pronta salida de Steve Jobs como CEO de Apple Inc., a causa de una enfermedad mortal, lo que nos generó el cuestionamiento respecto a cuál sería el desempeño que tienen las acciones cuyas compañías pasan por eventos similares. Como se sabe, el mercado castigó la acción de Apple el día de la muerte de Steve Jobs, con caídas superiores al 2% el día del anuncio. ¿Tendrían los mercados desarrollados y emergentes el mismo comportamiento?, ¿los eventos de cambio de CEO generan las mismas reacciones en los países emergentes? Grande fue nuestra sorpresa al observar, a nivel local, cambios en la gerencia general como en Backus & Johnston (3/9/2013) sin un efecto significativo en el mercado, pues incluso el mercado no negoció dicho valor hasta el 19/9/2013. Con el objetivo de obtener una respuesta a las consultas inicialmente planteadas, se aplicó la metodología denominada Event Analysis, la cual ya ha sido utilizada para evaluar la existencia de retornos anormales ante cambios en CEO y presidentes de Directorio en mercados desarrollados como EE. UU., Países Bajos, Australia, España, etc., y también en mercados emergentes como Colombia, Chile y México. Nuestro estudio para el mercado peruano consistió en una muestra conformada por las cincuenta empresas cuyas acciones son las de mayor frecuencia de negociación en la BVL. Se tomó en consideración todos los eventos de cambio de CEO y presidentes de Directorio entre 1992 y el 2014. De acuerdo con los resultados de la investigación realizada, la existencia de retornos anormales en los cambios de CEO y presidentes de Directorio no son estadísticamente significativos, por lo que no podrían ser usado para generar estrategias del tipo Event-driven por parte de los hedge funds. La razón predominante es la alta volatilidad de los resultados y la poca profundidad del mercado que cuenta con poca liquidez; asimismo, el hecho de tener eventos relevantes que no son tomados en cuenta por el mercado

Продуктивная занятость как способ преодоления бедности среди работающего населения

Стаття присвячена дослідженню взаємозв’язку між бідністю та продуктивною зайнятістю населення. Запропоновано авторське визначення «продуктивної зайнятості» на мікро- та макрорівнях. Досліджено динаміку основних соціально-економічних показників зайнятості, безробіття та бідності в Україні за 2001-2013 рр., у тому числі рівнів бідності за соціально-демографічними групами. Доведено взаємозв’язок між продуктивною зайнятістю населення та бідністю.The article investigates the relationship between poverty and productive employment. The author proposes to distinguish between «productive employment» at the micro- and macrolevels. Productive employment at micro-level is economically purposive activity of an individual (or enterprise workforce), which is aimed to create competitive products and profit-making that can cover renewal of fixed assets, expand reproduction of labor power and provide harmonious development of personality. Productive employment at the macro-level is a socially useful activity, which is accompanied by rational use of economic resources and a high level of productivity, aimed to create competitive goods, getting the most outcome that could provide production modernization, reproduction and accumulation of capital resources (physical, financial and human). Dynamics of the main socio-economic indicators of employment, unemployment and poverty during 2001-2013 years, poverty levels of socio-demographic groups are studied in the work. It is proved that there is a kind of relationship between productive employment and poverty. Poverty reduction among labor force is possible with the expanding quality of employment and creation of high-performance workplaces. The government should focus not only on reducing the level of unemployment, but also try to decrease deficit of productive employment as among the working poor and the unemployed. In the center of attention should not be just creating jobs, but also ensuring the decent working conditions and wages, that will help to provide an effective labor force reproduction. The decisive role in providing of productive employment must play the macroeconomic policy directed to ensuring the activities of competitive enterprises, maximum using of opportunities employment among economically vulnerable groups, social dialogue and investing education, health and social infrastructure. Productive employment in Ukraine is possible only with modernization and reform of economy, creation of a sufficient number of high-end jobs at full employment, elimination of arrears of wages and social assistance; introduction of mechanisms for the withdrawal of shadow incomes; social protection of vulnerable groups (youth, disabled, single mothers, parents who have many children, elderly, etc.).Статья посвящена исследованию взаимосвязи между бедностью и продуктивной занятостью населения. Предложено авторское определение «продуктивной занятости» на микро- и макроуровне. Исследована динамика основных социально-экономических показателей занятости, безработицы и бедности в Украине 2001-2013гг., в том числе уровней бедности по социально-демографическим группам. Доказана взаимосвязь между продуктивной занятостью населения и бедностью

Elaboración de documento del estudio de factibilidad para la implementación de energía solar fotovoltaica en la vereda Dindal

Trabajo de investigaciónTrabajo de grado el cual consiste en la elaboración de un documento que contiene los estudios de mercado, técnico, ambiental, social y financiero con el cual se plantea una solución mediante energía fotovoltaica a través de paneles solares para suplir el servicio de energía eléctrica en la vereda El Dindal Alto ubicada en el Municipio de Aipe, departamento del HuilaINTRODUCCIÓN 1. GENERALIDADES DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 2. ALTERNATIVAS PARA EL DESARROLLO, LA ENERGÍA FOTOVOLTAICA 3. INVESTIGACIÓN DE MERCADOS 4. ESTUDIO TÉCNICO 5. ESTUDIO AMBIENTAL 6. ESTUDIO SOCIAL 7. ESTUDIO FINANCIERO CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES LISTA DE REFERENCIAS ANEXOSEspecializaciónEspecialista en Formulación y Evaluación Social y Económica de Proyecto

Multiobjective optimization of water distribution systems accounting for economic cost, hydraulic reliability, and greenhouse gas emissions

In this paper, three objectives are considered for the optimization of water distribution systems (WDSs): the traditional objectives of minimizing economic cost and maximizing hydraulic reliability and the recently proposed objective of minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is particularly important to include the GHG minimization objective for WDSs involving pumping into storages or water transmission systems (WTSs), as these systems are the main contributors of GHG emissions in the water industry. In order to better understand the nature of tradeoffs among these three objectives, the shape of the solution space and the location of the Pareto-optimal front in the solution space are investigated for WTSs and WDSs that include pumping into storages, and the implications of the interaction between the three objectives are explored from a practical design perspective. Through three case studies, it is found that the solution space is a U-shaped curve rather than a surface, as the tradeoffs among the three objectives are dominated by the hydraulic reliability objective. The Pareto-optimal front of real-world systems is often located at the "elbow" section and lower "arm" of the solution space (i.e., the U-shaped curve), indicating that it is more economic to increase the hydraulic reliability of these systems by increasing pipe capacity (i.e., pipe diameter) compared to increasing pumping power. Solutions having the same GHG emission level but different cost-reliability tradeoffs often exist. Therefore, the final decision needs to be made in conjunction with expert knowledge and the specific budget and reliability requirements of the system. © 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.Wenyan Wu, Holger R. Maier, and Angus R. Simpso