54 research outputs found
Towards a Theory of Systems Engineering Processes: A Principal-Agent Model of a One-Shot, Shallow Process
Systems engineering processes coordinate the effort of different individuals
to generate a product satisfying certain requirements. As the involved
engineers are self-interested agents, the goals at different levels of the
systems engineering hierarchy may deviate from the system-level goals which may
cause budget and schedule overruns. Therefore, there is a need of a systems
engineering theory that accounts for the human behavior in systems design. To
this end, the objective of this paper is to develop and analyze a
principal-agent model of a one-shot (single iteration), shallow (one level of
hierarchy) systems engineering process. We assume that the systems engineer
maximizes the expected utility of the system, while the subsystem engineers
seek to maximize their expected utilities. Furthermore, the systems engineer is
unable to monitor the effort of the subsystem engineer and may not have a
complete information about their types or the complexity of the design task.
However, the systems engineer can incentivize the subsystem engineers by
proposing specific contracts. To obtain an optimal incentive, we pose and solve
numerically a bi-level optimization problem. Through extensive simulations, we
study the optimal incentives arising from different system-level value
functions under various combinations of effort costs, problem-solving skills,
and task complexities
Physics-informed Information Field Theory for Modeling Physical Systems with Uncertainty Quantification
Data-driven approaches coupled with physical knowledge are powerful
techniques to model systems. The goal of such models is to efficiently solve
for the underlying field by combining measurements with known physical laws. As
many systems contain unknown elements, such as missing parameters, noisy data,
or incomplete physical laws, this is widely approached as an uncertainty
quantification problem. The common techniques to handle all the variables
typically depend on the numerical scheme used to approximate the posterior, and
it is desirable to have a method which is independent of any such
discretization. Information field theory (IFT) provides the tools necessary to
perform statistics over fields that are not necessarily Gaussian. We extend IFT
to physics-informed IFT (PIFT) by encoding the functional priors with
information about the physical laws which describe the field. The posteriors
derived from this PIFT remain independent of any numerical scheme and can
capture multiple modes, allowing for the solution of problems which are
ill-posed. We demonstrate our approach through an analytical example involving
the Klein-Gordon equation. We then develop a variant of stochastic gradient
Langevin dynamics to draw samples from the joint posterior over the field and
model parameters. We apply our method to numerical examples with various
degrees of model-form error and to inverse problems involving nonlinear
differential equations. As an addendum, the method is equipped with a metric
which allows the posterior to automatically quantify model-form uncertainty.
Because of this, our numerical experiments show that the method remains robust
to even an incorrect representation of the physics given sufficient data. We
numerically demonstrate that the method correctly identifies when the physics
cannot be trusted, in which case it automatically treats learning the field as
a regression problem.Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures. Published in Journal of Computational Physic
An information field theory approach to Bayesian state and parameter estimation in dynamical systems
Dynamical system state estimation and parameter calibration problems are
ubiquitous across science and engineering. Bayesian approaches to the problem
are the gold standard as they allow for the quantification of uncertainties and
enable the seamless fusion of different experimental modalities. When the
dynamics are discrete and stochastic, one may employ powerful techniques such
as Kalman, particle, or variational filters. Practitioners commonly apply these
methods to continuous-time, deterministic dynamical systems after discretizing
the dynamics and introducing fictitious transition probabilities. However,
approaches based on time-discretization suffer from the curse of dimensionality
since the number of random variables grows linearly with the number of
time-steps. Furthermore, the introduction of fictitious transition
probabilities is an unsatisfactory solution because it increases the number of
model parameters and may lead to inference bias. To address these drawbacks,
the objective of this paper is to develop a scalable Bayesian approach to state
and parameter estimation suitable for continuous-time, deterministic dynamical
systems. Our methodology builds upon information field theory. Specifically, we
construct a physics-informed prior probability measure on the function space of
system responses so that functions that satisfy the physics are more likely.
This prior allows us to quantify model form errors. We connect the system's
response to observations through a probabilistic model of the measurement
process. The joint posterior over the system responses and all parameters is
given by Bayes' rule. To approximate the intractable posterior, we develop a
stochastic variational inference algorithm. In summary, the developed
methodology offers a powerful framework for Bayesian estimation in dynamical
systems
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