Macronutrient composition, amino acid profiles and acceptability of maize-based complementary foods enriched with defatted white melon seed and Moringa oleifera leaf powder

The study evaluated nutrient composition (protein, mineral & amino acid profile), energy value and sensory attributes of complementary foods from the following flour blends: 100% maize (MAI, control); 70% maize, 30% defatted melon seed flour (MTH); 70% maize, 27.5% defatted melon seed flour, 2.5% moringa leaf powder (MAT); 70% maize, 25% defatted melon seed flour, 5% moringa leaf powder (MET); and 70% maize, 20% defatted melon seed flour, 10% moringa leaf powder (MIT). Protein and energy values of the foods varied from 14.98 - 16.60 g/100 g and 352.53 - 374 kcal/100 g, respectively. Calcium/phosphorous (5.14 - 12.55) and sodium/potassium (0.009 - 0.012) molar ratios were higher than >0.5 and lower than (<1) recommended values, respectively. Essential amino acids ranged from 30.61 to 42.84 g/100 g protein. Predicted-biological value and essential amino acid index were 54 - 79.28% and 59.85 - 83.47%, respectively and were significantly (p<0.05) higher than MAI (49.47% & 56.12%). The MTH and MIT were rated higher than MAI in overall acceptability. However, MET sample was ranked the best in nutrient composition and biological value. Hence, it may be suitable as complementary food

DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENT COMPOSITIONS, GLYCEAMIC INDEX AND ANT-DIABETIC POTENTIALS OF MULTI-PLANT BASED FUNCTIONAL FOODS IN RATS

Background: Nutrition transition, that is, increase in consumption of high energy-dense foods, with low consumption of fruits and vegetables, has been implicated as the major factors responsible for the increase in prevalence of diet-related diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Evidence has shown that consumption of plant-based foods prevents the risk of these chronic diseases, hence, the present study formulated and evaluated nutrient compositions and antidiabetic potentials of multi-plant based functional foods from locally available food materials.Methods: Food materials (popcorn, moringa leaves, wonderful kola and defatted soybean) were obtained from reputable farms and markets in Akure, Nigeria. The food materials were processed as raw, blanched and fermented flour samples, and blended to obtain nine samples, i.e., R1, B1 and F1 (popcorn 60%, soybean 10%, moringa 20% and groundnut oil 10%), R2, B2 and F2 (popcorn 60%, soybean 10%, wonderful kola 20% and groundnut oil 10%) and R3, B3 and F3 (popcorn 60%, soybean 10%, moringa 10%, wonderful kola 10% and groundnut oil 10%) using  Nutri-Survey software. Proximate compositions of the blended samples were determined using AOAC methods, and glyceamic index and anti-diabetic potentials were determined using rat models.Results: Proximate compositions (g/100g) of the formulated multi-plant based functional foods were as follows: moisture contents ranged from 6.29 in F3 to 8.27 in R3, crude fiber contents from 2.79 in F2 to 4.68 in B3 and crude protein contents from 23.22 in B1 to 30.39 in F3, while carbohydrate content of the formulations ranged from 52.10 in F3 sample to 56.94 in B2 sample, while energy values were between 421.1 in R1 and 433.7 kcal in B1. Glycaemic index (GI) of the formulated functional foods ranged from 5.8% in R3 to 28.9% in R1 sample, and were significantly (<0.05) lower than in glucose (a reference sample). The glycaemic load (GL) of R4 sample had the lowest value (3.3), while F4 sample had the highest value (15.1). The percentage blood glucose reduction of diabetic-induced rats fed with R1samples (63.8%) had the highest values; while those rats fed with B2 sample (24.1%) had the lowest blood glucose reduction. Statistically, the percentage blood glucose reduction of the formulated functional foods, particularly R1 and F1, were comparable to metformin (a synthetic anti-diabetic drug) in terms of antidiabetic activities.  Conclusion: The study reported on the nutritional profile of multi-plant based functional foods from popcorn, soybean, wonderful kola and moringa leaves. Findings showed that these functional foods contain appreciable amount of protein, fiber, carbohydrate content within the recommended value for diabetic patients, low glycaemic index and glycaemic load properties and with antidiabetic activities. Hence, the formulated functional foods may be suitable for individuals at risk of diabetes or diabetic patients

Protein and hematological evaluations of infant formulated from cooking banana fruits (Musa spp, ABB genome) and fermented bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc) seeds

Protein-energy malnutrition is regarded as one of the public health problems in developing countries as a result of poor feeding practices due to poverty. This study, therefore, aimed at evaluating nutritional quality of a potential weaning food formulated from locally available food materials. The cooking banana fruit (CB) and bambara groundnut seeds (BG) were purchased from local market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The CB and BG were processed into flours, mixed in ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 and subjected into proximate, sensory and biochemical analyses using standard procedures. Nutrend (a commercial formula) and ogi (corn gruel, a traditional weaning food) were used as control. The nutritient composition (g/100 g) of the food samples were ranged as follows: moisture 2.94-6.94, protein 7.02-16.0, ash 1.76-2.99, fat 0.76-8.45, fibre 1.52-3.75, carbohydrate 63.84-88.43 and energy 1569.8-1665.7 kcal. The biological value (BV), net protein retention (NPR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of the experimental food samples were significantly (p<0.05) lower than nutrend, but higher than ogi. The haematological variables of rats fed with formulated food samples, commercial formula (nutrend) and traditional weaning food (ogi) were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. However, the values obtained for red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), pack cell volume (PCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were higher in the experimental food samples than the commercial food. The growth rate of animals fed with experimental food samples were lower than those fed with the nutrend, but higher than those fed with ogi. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of CB and fermented BG mix of 60:40 ratio was better than ogi; and comparable to the nutrend. This implies that it can be used to replace low quality traditional weaning food and the expensive commercial weaning formula

Load Survey and Maximum Power Demand of Transformers in Power System Network in Ondo State, Ondo West as a Case Studies

There are number of matrices used to capture the variability of loads, some of them are mainly used in reference to a single end-user and some of them are mainly used in reference to a substation transformer or a specific factor. This paper will examine data like load density, demand factor, load factor, minimum load demand. The paper will critically look into the number of transformer substation under any of the functioning injection substation. Using the above data, the criteria for the stability of the electricity in the area could be carried out. The paper will reveal, the load density, ranges from 0.0003kvA/m2 to 0.0329kvA/m2. The load factor ranges from 58.1% to 91.9% and the demand factor that ranges from 1.1% to 4.0%. Keywords: Load density, Load factor, and Demand factor, Injection Substation, Transformer Substation and Stability

Nutrient composition, functional, sensory and microbial status of popcorn-based (Zea may everta) complementary foods enriched with cashew nut (Anacardiumoccidentale l.) flour

Protein-energy malnutrition among Nigerian children is a major health challenge. This nutrition problem is attributed to the inappropriate complementary feeding practices, low nutritional quality of traditional complementary foods and high cost of quality protein-based&#160; complementary foods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to formulate complementary foods from popcorn flour and cashew nut. A quantity(500g) of each popcorn and cashew nut seeds (500g) was processed into fermented, germinated and roasted flours. The blends (40% popcorn, 60% cashew nut) were biochemically evaluated for proximate, minerals and amino acids profile. The microbiological properties and sensory attributes were determined using standard methods. For Protein, the results were 22.48% for germinated popcorn-cashew nut (GPC),20.76% for roasted popcorn-cashew nut (RPC) and 21.82% for fermented popcorn-cashew nut (FPC); values for ogi and Nutrend were 12.60% and 16.27% respectively. With respect to energy value, FPC, GPC, RPC, ogi and Nutrend had533.85, 516.65, 530.49, 389.88 and 397.68 kcal, respectively. The percentages of total essential amino acids in the composition of the blends were36.9%, 40.7% and 38.9%for FPC, GPC and RPC, respectively; non-essential amino acids contents were 63.1%, 59.3% and 61.1% for FPC, GPC and RPC, respectively. The mineral content, that is, potassium, zinc and magnesium, of formulated samples were higher than thoseobtained for ogi and Nutrend. The antinutrient composition of FPC was lower than that of GPC and RPC. For the functional properties, water absorption capacity was between 1.83 &#8211; 1.93 g/ml, least gelation concentration 12.67 &#8211; 14.00 g/ml, swelling capacity 0.40 &#8211; 0.74 g/ml, loose bulk density 0.43 &#8211; 0.49 g/ml and packed bulk density 0.69 &#8211; 0.83 g/ml for the formulated samples. The overall acceptability of FPCwas rated higher than GPC, RPC and ogi, but lower than Nutrend. For the microbial status, bacteria count was between 1.00&#8211;39.00 x 104cfu/g, mould1.00&#8211;4.00 x 104cfu/g and yeast 1.00&#8211;4.33 x 105cfu/g. The study concluded that the FPC sample was better than ogi in terms of protein and mineral compositions and comparable in overall acceptance to Nutrend. Therefore, the FPC may be used as a complementary food

Declining prevalence of duodenal ulcer at endoscopy in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Background. Duodenal ulcer is the most common peptic ulcer disease worldwide. In the past, sub-Saharan Africa has been described as an area of mixed prevalence for peptic ulcer disease, but recent reports have disputed this. Changes in the prevalence of duodenal ulcer have been reported, with various reasons given for these.Objective. To describe the change in endoscopic prevalence of duodenal ulcer at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital (OAUTH), Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between January 2000 and December 2010.Methods. This was a retrospective, descriptive study of patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the endoscopy unit of OAUTH between January 2000 and December 2010. The data were obtained from the endoscopy register, demographic indices, presenting symptoms and post-endoscopic diagnoses being retrieved for each patient. The study period was divided into the years 2000 - 2004 and 2005 - 2010, the frequencies of duodenal ulcer and other post-endoscopic diagnoses being compared between these two time periods to see whether there were changes.Results. Over the study period, 292 patients (15.8%) were diagnosed with duodenal ulcer, second only to 471 patients (26.2%) with acute gastritis. The prevalence of duodenal ulcer for 2000 - 2004 was 22.9% (n=211 patients) compared with 9.2% (n=81) for 2005 - 2010 (p&lt;0.001).Conclusion. There was a significant decline in the endoscopic prevalence of duodenal ulcer over the decade

Upright or dorsal? childbirth positions among antenatal clinic attendees in Southwestern Nigeria

Background: Upright childbirth positions are associated with better delivery outcomes. These positions such as kneeling and squatting were the norm for childbirth in indigenous Nigerian custom. However, westernization has largely replaced them with supine positions.Objective: This study was conducted to compare the knowledge, attitude and experience regarding childbirth positions between antenatal clinic attendees in southwest and northwest Nigeria.Materials and Methods: A mixed methods design was employed. Quantitative data were obtained using a structured questionnaire in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile‑Ife (n = 201) and Federal Medical Centre, Katsina (n = 104). Knowledge was graded as poor, fair or good whereas attitude toward each position was graded as favoured, indifferent or against. The resulting proportions were compared using Chi‑square. Qualitative data were obtained through key‑informant interviews.Results: Knowledge of childbirth positions was generally poor. Overall, only to women (0.6%) had good knowledge, whereas 60 (19.7%) had fair knowledge and the rest (79.7%) had poor knowledge. More women in Katsina than Ile‑Ife knew the squatting position (32.7% vs. 16.4%; P &lt; 0.001) and favoured it (25.0% vs. 7.5%; P &lt; 0.001), whereas more Ile‑Ife women knew the lithotomy position (42.3% vs. 26.9%; P = 0.01). Attitudes towards the remaining positions were comparable between them. Key‑informant interviews of the midwives revealed that they were trained to conduct delivery exclusively in the supine positions. They were, however, interested in learning the use of upright positions.Conclusion: Knowledge about childbirth positions was very poor. Women in northwestern Nigeria were more aware and favorably disposed to childbirth in their customary squatting position. Training of Nigerian midwives on upright childbirth positions is recommended.Keywords: Childbirth position; knowledge; labour duration; practice; preference; Yoruba wome

Relationship between body mass index, waist circumference, waist hip ratio and erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease in a tertiary centre in Nigeria: A case control study

Background: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition that develops when the reflux of stomach content causes troublesome symptoms with or without mucosa damage and or complications. GERD is believed to be evolving among blacks.Objectives: The objective of this study was to look at the relationship of GERD to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist hip ratio (WHR) among patients with distal oesophageal erosive GERD and controls.Methods: A case control study among patients with dyspepsia that had diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients with erosive GERD were grouped into cases while those without GERD were controls. GERD was graded using the Los Angeles classification. BMI, WC, HC and WHR were measured among cases and controls. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 or WC ≥ 88 cm or ≥WHR 0.85 in females and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 or WHR ≥ 0.9 or WC ≥102 cm for males. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: A total of 160 subjects (80 cases and 80 controls) were analysed. Mean (SD) age for cases was 51.1 (±12.4) years and 50.1 (±13.7) years for controls. When cases with GERD were compared with controls; males were less likely to be obese, BMI &lt; 30 kg/m2, have normal WC, HC and WHR while females were more likely to be obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and have increased WC, and HC, (p &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: Central obesity is a risk factor for distal oesophageal erosive GERD among female Nigerians but not among males.Keywords: Gastro esophageal reflux, Central obesity, Dyspepsia, Nigeri

Clinical characterisation and management outcomes of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy in a Nigerian tertiary hospital

Background: Literature on the antenatal and perinatal management and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa is gradually emerging but sparse. There is an urgent need to build up the knowledge base of COVID-19 infection in Nigerian pregnant women. The objective of the current study was to determine the clinical characteristics and management outcomes of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria.Methods: A one-year retrospective review of all cases of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy managed at the OAUTHC. Relevant data were extracted from the case records of all cases managed using a purpose-designed proforma. Data collected was analysed using IBM-SPSS, version 24. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using chi square, with level of significance set at <0.05.Results: A total of 22 cases were managed. Majority (15, 68.2%) of the women were either asymptomatic or had mild symptoms. The commonest symptom was cough (8, 36.4%). The mean duration of admission was 6.6±4.2 days. The most common maternal and perinatal complication was preterm delivery/birth (3, 13.6%). There was no maternal mortality. The mean birth weight of the babies was 3226g±597g, with mean 1- and 5- minutes Apgar scores of 8.0±1.3 and 9.5±0.6 respectively.Conclusions: Although COVID-19 infection in pregnancy is an asymptomatic or mild infection in the majority of cases in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, it is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Further studies are recommended to determine transplacental transmission of COVID-19 infection and antibodies

Where there is no anaesthetist: the role of obstetrician - administered spinal anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section

Context: Shortage of anaesthetic manpower is a stark reality in developing countries like Nigeria where “waiting for the anaesthetist” has been repeatedly identified as a cause of phase 3 delays. This has led to widespread abuse of ketamine anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section in private hospital settings.Objectives: To determine the effect of single handed obstetrician-anesthetist administered spinal anesthesia for caesarean section on Decision-Delivery Interval (DDI), postoperative hospital stay, fetal and maternal outcome.Materials and Methods: A prospective analytical study comparing caesarean DDI between 42 consecutive emergency caesarean sections (CS) under Obstetrician-administered Spinal anesthesia (OASA) versus 42 women who had locum anesthetist administered spinal anesthesia (LAASA) and an equal number who had ketamine anesthesia.Results: The DDI was about 2.5 fold shorter in the OASA (59.67 ± 9.40 minutes) compared with the LAASA (144.54 ± 28.00 minutes) group (pConclusion: Obstetrician-administered Spinal Anesthesia for emergency caesarean section reduces Decision-Delivery Interval and postoperative hospital stay. It is therefore judicious where there is no anesthetist. Moreover, it is superior to ketamine anesthesia for caesarean section.Keywords: Obstetric anaesthesia, Spinal anaesthesia, Caesarean section, Bupivacaine, KetamineTrop J Obstet Gynaecol, 30 (1), April 201