Strategies for improving English language Listening Skill (The Case of Distract BANNU)

This study aims to provide some innovative strategies for improving listening skill of English Language of secondary level students at district Bannu. Effective Listening in English language, guiding the students towards effective oral communication, is the problem with all the ESL students at secondary level and as such it creates problem for English language teachers. The objective of the study was to help the English language teachers and students to overcome this problem by showing the results of application of innovative strategies for improving English language listening skill. Specifically, this study aims to guide the teachers of district Bannu to bring innovation in their teaching and thus enable their students to overcome their listening problem. For this purpose, first of all, data was collected from English Language teachers of secondary level in order to know about the steps taken for the improvement of listening skill of their students. The data was collected through rating scale questionnaire. After that an experimental study was carried out for which a 10th grade class was selected. For the collection of data t-test was used. Results indicated that a visible change occurred in the listening skill of the treatment group, after the application of innovative strategies on this group. Hence it proved that the application of innovative strategies for improving listening skill had a very positive impact on the students. Keywords: Listening Skills, English Language, Innovative Strategies, t- Test

Comparative Efficacy of Insecticides against Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne Brassicae, A Pest of Oilseed Rape, Brassica napus (L.) under Controlled Conditions

Rapeseed and mustard is the same group of oilseed crops (Brassica sp.) as well as a significant source of edible oil in Pakistan. The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae is considered a major insect pest of oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. and causes significant yield loss. An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four insecticidal treatments i.e. Confidor 200 SL (imidacloprid), Mospilan 20 SP (acetamiprid), Arrivo (cypermethrin), Triazophos 40 EC (triazophos) at low to high concentrations along with control treatment to estimate the efficacy of canola leaves against aphid population. Among all insecticide applications of cypermethrin and acetamiprid were found highly effective applied at higher concentrations throughout the experiment as compared to imidacloprid and triazophos, indicating consistent mortality at high and medium concentrations. Taking together, insecticides cypermethrin and acetamiprid were recommended to control aphid infestation based on their residual activity, yield response, and rate of marginal return. This study gives directions to control aphid infestation on a quick basis at a larger scale

Experimental Demonstration of 38 Gbps over 2.5 m OWC Systems with Eye-safe 850 nm SM-VCSELs

With a directly modulated 850 nm single-modevertical cavity surface emitting laser (SM-VCSEL), we experimentally achieve a gross data rate of ∼38 Gbps over a 2.5 moptical wireless communication (OWC) link at the 7% ReedSolomon forward error correction (RS-FEC) limit. The OWClink is demonstrated using an eye-safe transmitted optical powerof -1.47 dBm and discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation withadaptive bit-and-power loading. The SM-VCSEL has a relativeintensity noise (RIN) of ∼-137 dB/Hz, which is lower than that ofa typical commercial 850 nm multimode VCSEL (∼-129 dB/Hz).Therefore, under almost identical OWC link operating conditions, the SM-VCSEL provides a gross data-rate increase of∼19 Gbps and an optical signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) gain of∼5 dB compared to its multimode counterpart having a similarmodulation bandwidth. Furthermore, we demonstrate an errorfree net data rate of ∼17 Gbps at a received optical power of-7 dBm, which suggests the feasibility of utilising the SM-VCSELto realise indoor gigabit OWC applications

Experimental demonstration of 38 Gbps over 2.5 m OWC systems with eye-safe 850 nm SM-VCSELs

With a directly modulated 850 nm single-mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser (SM-VCSEL), we experimentally achieve a gross data rate of ∼38 Gbps over a 2.5 m optical wireless communication (OWC) link at the 7% Reed-Solomon forward error correction (RS-FEC) limit. The OWC link is demonstrated using an eye-safe transmitted optical power of -1.47 dBm and discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation with adaptive bit-and-power loading. The SM-VCSEL has a relative intensity noise (RIN) of ∼-137 dB/Hz, which is lower than that of a typical commercial 850 nm multimode VCSEL (∼-129 dB/Hz). Therefore, under almost identical OWC link operating conditions, the SM-VCSEL provides a gross data-rate increase of ∼19 Gbps and an optical signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) gain of ∼5 dB compared to its multimode counterpart having a similar modulation bandwidth. Furthermore, we demonstrate an error-free net data rate of ∼17 Gbps at a received optical power of -7 dBm, which suggests the feasibility of utilising the SM-VCSEL to realise indoor gigabit OWC applications

Joint optimization for secure ambient backscatter communication in NOMA-enabled IoT networks

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has emerged as a novel air interface technology for massive connectivity in sixth-generation (6G) era. The recent integration of NOMA in Backscatter Communication (BC) has triggered significant research interest due to its applications in low-powered Internet of Things (IoT) networks. However, the link security aspect of these networks has not been well investigated. This article provides a new optimization framework for improving the physical layer security of the NOMA ambient BC system. Our system model takes into account the simultaneous operation of NOMA IoT users and the Backscatter Node (BN) in the presence of multiple EavesDroppers (EDs). The EDs in the surrounding area can overhear the communication of Base Station (BS) and BN due to the wireless broadcast transmission. Thus, the chief aim is to enhance link security by optimizing the BN reflection coefficient and BS transmit power. To gauge the performance of the proposed scheme, we also present the suboptimal NOMA and conventional orthogonal multiple access as benchmark schemes. Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the NOMA BC scheme over the pure NOMA scheme without the BC and conventional orthogonal multiple access schemes in terms of system secrecy rate

NOMA-enabled Backscatter Communications for Green Transportation in Automotive-Industry 5.0

Automotive-Industry 5.0 will use emerging 6G communication techniques such as Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and backscatter communications for enhanced spectrum and energy efficiency. In this paper, we provide an introduction to green transportation and also discuss the advantages of using backscatter communications and NOMA in Automotive Industry 5.0. We also briefly review the recent work in the area of NOMA empowered backscatter communications. We discuss different use cases of backscatter communications in NOMA-enabled 6G vehicular networks. We also propose a multi-cell optimization framework to maximize the energy efficiency of the backscatter-enabled NOMA vehicular network. In particular, we jointly optimize the transmit power of the roadside unit and the reflection coefficient of the backscatter device in each cell by employing Dinkelbach method, dual theory and KKT conditions to obtain efficient solutions. Finally, we highlight some open issues and future research opportunities related to NOMA-enabled backscatter communications in 6G vehicular networks

Energy-Efficient Backscatter Aided Uplink NOMA Roadside Sensor Communications under Channel Estimation Errors

This work presents non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) enabled energy-efficient alternating optimization framework for backscatter aided wireless powered uplink sensors communications for beyond 5G intelligent transportation system (ITS). Specifically, the transmit power of carrier emitter (CE) and reflection coefficients of backscatter aided roadside sensors are optimized with channel uncertainties for the maximization of the energy efficiency (EE) of the network. The formulated problem is tackled by the proposed two-stage alternating optimization algorithm named AOBWS (alternating optimization for backscatter aided wireless powered sensors). In the first stage, AOBWS employs an iterative algorithm to obtain optimal CE transmit power through simplified closed-form computed through Cardano's formulae. In the second stage, AOBWS uses a non-iterative algorithm that provides a closed-form expression for the computation of optimal reflection coefficient for roadside sensors under their quality of service (QoS) and a circuit power constraint. The global optimal exhaustive search (ES) algorithm is used as a benchmark. Simulation results demonstrate that the AOBWS algorithm can achieve near-optimal performance with very low complexity, which makes it suitable for practical implementations.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to IEEE (Revised version

Energy-Efficient Backscatter Aided Uplink NOMA Roadside Sensor Communications under Channel Estimation Errors

This work presents non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) enabled energy-efficient alternating optimization framework for backscatter aided wireless powered uplink sensors communications for beyond 5G intelligent transportation system (ITS). Specifically, the transmit power of carrier emitter (CE) and reflection coefficients of backscatter aided roadside sensors are optimized with channel uncertainties for the maximization of the energy efficiency (EE) of the network. The formulated problem is tackled by the proposed two-stage alternating optimization algorithm named AOBWS (alternating optimization for backscatter aided wireless powered sensors). In the first stage, AOBWS employs an iterative algorithm to obtain optimal CE transmit power through simplified closed-form computed through Cardano’s formulae. In the second stage, AOBWS uses a noniterative algorithm that provides a closed-form expression for the computation of optimal reflection coefficient for roadside sensors under their quality of service (QoS) and a circuit power constraint. The global optimal exhaustive search (ES) algorithm is used as a benchmark. Simulation results demonstrate that the AOBWS algorithm can achieve near-optimal performance with very low complexity, which makes it suitable for practical implementations