4p states and X-Ray Spectroscopy

The 4p states in transition metals and their compounds usually play minor roles on their physical quantities. Recent development of resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) at the K-edge of transition metals, however, casts light on the 4p states, because the signals on orbital and magnetic superlattice spots are brought about by the modulation in the 4p states. The 4p states are extending in solids and thereby sensitive to electronic states at neighboring sites. This characteristic determines the mechanism of RXS that the intensity on the orbital superlattice spots are mainly generated by the lattice distortion and those on magnetic superlattice spots by the coupling of the 4p states with the orbital polarization in the 3d states at neighboring sites. Taking up typical examples for orbital and magnetic RXS, we demonstrate these mechanisms on the basis of the band structure calculation. Finally, we study the MCD spectra at the K-edge, demonstrating that the same mechanism as the magnetic RXS is working.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Physica Scripta (comment

Exploring Vacuum Structure around Identity-Based Solutions

We explore the vacuum structure in bosonic open string field theory expanded around an identity-based solution parameterized by $a(>=-1/2)$. Analyzing the expanded theory using level truncation approximation up to level 20, we find that the theory has the tachyon vacuum solution for $a>-1/2$. We also find that, at $a=-1/2$, there exists an unstable vacuum solution in the expanded theory and the solution is expected to be the perturbative open string vacuum. These results reasonably support the expectation that the identity-based solution is a trivial pure gauge configuration for $a>-1/2$, but it can be regarded as the tachyon vacuum solution at $a=-1/2$.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures; new numerical data up to level (20,60) included; Contribution to the proceedings of "Second International Conference on String Field Theory and Related Aspects" (Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow, Russia, April 12-19, 2009

On zero modes of the eleven dimensional superstring

It is shown that recently pointed out by Berkovits on-shell degrees of freedom of the D=11 superstring do not make contributions into the quantum states spectrum of the theory. As a consequence, the spectrum coincides with that of the D=10 type IIA superstring.Comment: 7 pages, LaTex fil

Regularization of identity based solution in string field theory

We demonstrate that an Erler-Schnabl type solution in cubic string field theory can be naturally interpreted as a gauge invariant regularization of an identity based solution. We consider a solution which interpolates between an identity based solution and ordinary Erler-Schnabl one. Two gauge invariant quantities, the classical action and the closed string tadpole, are evaluated for finite value of the gauge parameter. It is explicitly checked that both of them are independent of the gauge parameter.Comment: 9 pages, minor typos corrected and references adde

BRST Formulation of 4-Monopoles

A supersymmetric gauge invariant action is constructed over any 4-dimensional Riemannian manifold describing Witten's theory of 4-monopoles. The topological supersymmetric algebra closes off-shell. The multiplets include the auxiliary fields and the Wess-Zumino fields in an unusual way, arising naturally from BRST gauge fixing. A new canonical approach over Riemann manifolds is followed, using a Morse function as an euclidean time and taking into account the BRST boundary conditions that come from the BFV formulation. This allows a construction of the effective action starting from gauge principles.Comment: 18 pages, Amste

Theoretical Analysis of Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering Spectra in LaMnO3

We analyze the resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra at the K edge of Mn in the antiferromagnetic insulating manganite LaMnO3. We make use of the Keldysh-type Green-function formalism, in which the RIXS intensity is described by a product of an incident-photon-dependent factor and a density-density correlation function in the 3d states. We calculate the former factor using the 4p density of states given by an ab initio band structure calculation and the latter using a multi-orbital tight-binding model. The ground state of the model Hamiltonian is evaluated within the Hartree-Fock approximation. Correlation effects are treated within the random phase approximation (RPA). We obtain the RIXS intensity in a wide range of energy-loss 2-15 eV. The spectral shape is strongly modified by the RPA correlation, showing good agreement with the experiments. The incident-photon-energy dependence also agrees well with the experiments. The present mechanism that the RIXS spectra arise from band-to-band transitions to screen the core-hole potential is quite different from the orbiton picture previously proposed, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the RIXS spectra.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, To be published in PR

Towards a Java Subtyping Operad

The subtyping relation in Java exhibits self-similarity. The self-similarity in Java subtyping is interesting and intricate due to the existence of wildcard types and, accordingly, the existence of three subtyping rules for generic types: covariant subtyping, contravariant subtyping and invariant subtyping. Supporting bounded type variables also adds to the complexity of the subtyping relation in Java and in other generic nominally-typed OO languages such as C# and Scala. In this paper we explore defining an operad to model the construction of the subtyping relation in Java and in similar generic nominally-typed OO programming languages. Operads, from category theory, are frequently used to model self-similar phenomena. The Java subtyping operad, we hope, will shed more light on understanding the type systems of generic nominally-typed OO languages.Comment: 13 page

X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism at the K edge of Mn3GaC

We theoretically investigate the origin of the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra at the K edges of Mn and Ga in the ferromagnetic phase of Mn3GaC on the basis of an ab initio calculation. Taking account of the spin-orbit interaction in the LDA scheme, we obtain the XMCD spectra in excellent agreement with the recent experiment. We have analyzed the origin of each structure, and thus elucidated the mechanism of inducing the orbital polarization in the p symmetric states. We also discuss a simple sum rule connecting the XMCD spectra with the orbital moment in the p symmetric states.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review

Spin Excitations and Sum Rules in the Heisenberg Antiferromagnet

Various bounds for the energy of collective excitations in the Heisenberg antiferromagnet are presented and discussed using the formalism of sum rules. We show that the Feynman approximation significantly overestimates (by about 30\% in the $S={1\over2}$ square lattice) the spin velocity due to the non negligible contribution of multi magnons to the energy weighted sum rule. We also discuss a different, Goldstone type bound depending explicitly on the order parameter (staggered magnetization). This bound is shown to be proportional to the dispersion of classical spin wave theory with a q-independent normalization factor. Rigorous bounds for the excitation energies in the anisotropic Heisenberg model are also presented.Comment: 26 pages, Plain TeX including 1 PostScript figure, UTF-307-10/9

Single versus splinted short implants at sinus augmented sites: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE This review primarily evaluated the success, survival and failure rates of implants shorter than 10 mm restored with single-unit or splinted fixed dental prostheses in maxillary sinus augmented sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two reviewers independently performed the systematic search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL, up to September 2019 with no language restriction. A supplemental hand search consisted of screening 13 journals. The inclusion criteria were: primary studies reporting implant, prosthetic and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of extra-short and short implants placed in conjunction with sinus floor elevation in partially dentate patients, restored with single- and splinted-crowns for direct comparison, with a minimal 1-year follow-up. Weighted arithmetic mean (WAM) of the implant survival was performed according to the type of prosthesis. This was confirmed by using Review Manager software to perform meta-analysis. RESULTS Two observational studies reporting on 106 tapered, press-fit, sintered porous-surfaced implants with a length ranging from 5 mm to 9 mm were included in this systematic review. Of these, 20 and 86 implants were restored with single and splinted prostheses, respectively. The risk ratio (RR) was 1.16 (95% CI: .31-4.30, p = .58, I² = 0%) for individually restored implants failure when compared to splinted implants, indicating that short dental implants restored with single crowns could have a 16% higher possibility of failure if compared to implants with splinted crowns. The heterogeneity value was not statistically significative (p = .58). No statistical difference in the implant survival rate of the two types of analysed prostheses was observed after WAM (p= .923). The level of evidence for the included studies ranged from low (4) to fair (2B). CONCLUSION Similar clinical outcomes up to a 9-year follow-up were observed in single and splinted porous-surfaced implants shorter than 10 mm located in sites with sinus lift. However, the conclusion shall be interpreted with caution due to the level of evidence and limited number of included studies included in this systematic review