Quality of greywater based on economic class and generation time (a case study of Ciliwung watershed, Indonesia)

Community activities highly influence the generation of greywater, whereas community activities vary from time to time. The difference in economic class of households will also affect the lifestyle, sanitation facilities, and source of clean water used which will impact the quality of greywater. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether differences in sampling time and economic class of households in developing countries, in particular Indonesia, will affect the quality of greywater generated. Based on laboratory analysis of greywater samples at 15 households at two different times, the results obtained were pH 5.77 - 9.52, DO 0.9 - 5.7 mg/l, COD 42 - 2190 mg/l, Ammonia 0.95 - 22.5 mg/l, and fecal coliform 1.7x102 – 1.7x107 MPN/100ml. These results were analyzed using the t-test to determine the significance of the data on greywater generation between morning and afternoon as well as differences in lower middle and higher middle-class. From this analysis, it was discovered that from each parameter there was no significant difference between the greywater quality data shown in the morning and the evening. There was a significant difference in the parameters of DO and COD between samples taken at households with lower middle and higher middle economic classes

Integration of water, sanitation, and hygiene program with biosecurity: A One Health approach to reduce the prevalence and exposure of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the livestock community

The global spread of antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to public health and is one of the main causes of this problem. Livestock farming plays a significant role in the horizontal and vertical transmission of treatment-resistant genes and bacteria. These processes involve contact with agricultural products and the environment, raising concerns for public health, and farming communities. The farming community is composed of a staggering 608 million farms worldwide, and their livelihood depends heavily on livestock farming. To address this issue, a multidisciplinary One Health approach focusing on integrated monitoring and intervention for humans, animals, and the environment is essential. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) programs have the potential to significantly reduce the risk of exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli, by obstructing the transmission route between humans and animals. Additional risk reduction measures for ESBL E. coli infection in animals include vaccination and biosecurity program implementation. Water, sanitation, and hygiene and biosecurity measures must be combined to maximize the effectiveness of the One Health program. Therefore, this study aimed to describe recent advances in biosecurity and WaSH interventions in the livestock environment, analyze the effects of these interventions on human and animal health, and investigate potential future scenarios within the quantitative microbial risk assessment framework. This study used an integrative literature review through searches of four databases, a review of World Health Organization documents through websites, and an examination of relevant texts from previously obtained reference lists. Although hygiene and sanitation are often combined, there is still a lack of quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of integrating WaSH with biosecurity in livestock. In addition, the integration of the WaSH program with biosecurity has potential as a One Health intervention in the coming years

Towards monitoring the invisible threat: a global approach for tackling AMR in water resources and environment

The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now increasingly recognized for the danger posed by its environmental spread. Aquatic environments and wastewater represent a significant diffusion and selection pathway for antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARGs and ARBs). During a collaborative hackathon event, the “Innovation Workshop on Water Quality Monitoring & Assessment,” held in September 2023, experts addressed four challenges related to water quality, including the challenge of globalization AMR surveillance in water. This paper, derived from the workshop findings, proposes a globally adaptable model for antimicrobial resistance surveillance intended as an advance to improve future monitoring systems. The new framework aims to address significant challenges, such as the lack of standardized methodological approaches or lack of funding, coordination, and awareness across a short-, medium- and long-term plan, integrating sustainability concepts, extending participation and monitoring capacity of countries, and offering efficient solutions. This vision is first articulated by creating a technical committee that promotes awareness of antimicrobial resistance and develops a single data management and communication platform. Subsequently, by developing local, national, and international policies, centralized laboratories will be established at the regional level, and built based on existing realities. These laboratories will include facilities to make the management of analyses more efficient, from sampling to reporting the final result. In the long term, activities that allow the maintenance of the created framework and continuous technological development and advancement will be promoted. All this will be achieved in collaboration with national and supranational bodies that are already addressing the issue at a global level

Quality of greywater based on economic class and generation time (a case study of Ciliwung watershed, Indonesia)

Community activities highly influence the generation of greywater, whereas community activities vary from time to time. The difference in economic class of households will also affect the lifestyle, sanitation facilities, and source of clean water used which will impact the quality of greywater. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether differences in sampling time and economic class of households in developing countries, in particular Indonesia, will affect the quality of greywater generated. Based on laboratory analysis of greywater samples at 15 households at two different times, the results obtained were pH 5.77 - 9.52, DO 0.9 - 5.7 mg/l, COD 42 - 2190 mg/l, Ammonia 0.95 - 22.5 mg/l, and fecal coliform 1.7x102 – 1.7x107 MPN/100ml. These results were analyzed using the t-test to determine the significance of the data on greywater generation between morning and afternoon as well as differences in lower middle and higher middle-class. From this analysis, it was discovered that from each parameter there was no significant difference between the greywater quality data shown in the morning and the evening. There was a significant difference in the parameters of DO and COD between samples taken at households with lower middle and higher middle economic classes