Mathematical understanding of detailed balance condition violation and its application to Langevin dynamics

We develop an efficient sampling method by simulating Langevin dynamics with an artificial force rather than a natural force by using the gradient of the potential energy. The standard technique for sampling following the predetermined distribution such as the Gibbs-Boltzmann one is performed under the detailed balance condition. In the present study, we propose a modified Langevin dynamics violating the detailed balance condition on the transition-probability formulation. We confirm that the numerical implementation of the proposed method actually demonstrates two major beneficial improvements: acceleration of the relaxation to the predetermined distribution and reduction of the correlation time between two different realizations in the steady state.Comment: 18pages, 3 figures, proceeedings of STATPHYS KOLKATA VII

Study of systematics effects on the Cross Power Spectrum of 21 cm Line and Cosmic Microwave Background using Murchison Widefield Array Data

Observation of the 21cm line signal from neutral hydrogen during the Epoch of Reionization is challenging due to extremely bright Galactic and extragalactic foregrounds and complicated instrumental calibration. A reasonable approach for mitigating these problems is the cross correlation with other observables. In this work, we present the first results of the cross power spectrum (CPS) between radio images observed by the Murchison Widefield Array and the cosmic microwave background (CMB), measured by the Planck experiment. We study the systematics due to the ionospheric activity, the dependence of CPS on group of pointings, and frequency. The resulting CPS is consistent with zero because the error is dominated by the foregrounds in the 21cm observation. Additionally, the variance of the signal indicates the presence of unexpected systematics error at small scales. Furthermore, we reduce the error by one order of magnitude with application of a foreground removal using a polynomial fitting method. Based on the results, we find that the detection of the 21cm-CMB CPS with the MWA Phase I requires more than 99.95% of the foreground signal removed, 2000 hours of deep observation and 50% of the sky fraction coverage.Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures, accepted to MNRA

Form of Citation of Japanese Legal Materials

The chief purpose of a citation, aside from furnishing assurance of scholarly discipline, is to make the author\u27s sources available to others. Citation style rules should strive to do this uniformly, briefly, and clearly. For the sake of uniformity in citing Japanese language sources it is suggested that writers use the manual published by the Harvard Law Review Association, A Uniform System of Citation (11th ed. 1967), whenever its rules can be directly applied, or whenever they can be readily adapted to citation of Japanese sources. New rules are suggested below only for those relatively few instances where they are required by the peculiarities of the Japanese materials, language, or legal system

Form of Citation of Japanese Legal Materials

The chief purpose of a citation, aside from furnishing assurance of scholarly discipline, is to make the author\u27s sources available to others. Citation style rules should strive to do this uniformly, briefly, and clearly. For the sake of uniformity in citing Japanese language sources it is suggested that writers use the manual published by the Harvard Law Review Association, A Uniform System of Citation (11th ed. 1967), whenever its rules can be directly applied, or whenever they can be readily adapted to citation of Japanese sources. New rules are suggested below only for those relatively few instances where they are required by the peculiarities of the Japanese materials, language, or legal system