Thermalization of Starlight in the Steady-State Cosmology

We investigate the fate of starlight in the Steady-State Cosmology. We discover that it is largely unaffected by the presence of ions in intergalactic space as it gets progressively red-shifted from the visible all the way down to the plasma frequency of the intergalactic matter. At that point, after about 450 Gyr - and contrary to previously published claims - the radiation will be thermalized. Under the assumptions adopted by Gold, Bondi, Hoyle, Narlikar, Burbidge and others concerning the creation of matter in the Steady-State Cosmology, and using reasonable estimates for the baryonic mass-density and mass-fraction of 4He, the analysis predicts a universal radiation field matching the CMB, i.e. having a black-body spectrum and temperature of about 2.7 K. The Steady-state Cosmology predicts that this radiation field will appear to originate from the intergalactic plasma.Comment: Not an advertisement for Steady State, but perhaps interesting for other reason

An Exploration of Symmetries in the Friedmann Equation

The Friedmann Equation for a conformal scale factor a(t) is observed to be invariant under a Mobius transformation. Using that freedom, a synthetic scale factor z(t) is defined that obeys a modified Friedman equation invariant under the replacement z(t) {\rightarrow} {\pm}1/ z(t). If this is taken this to be the more fundamental form then the traditional Friedmann equation can be shown to be missing a term due to a species with equation of state w = -2/3. We investigate in detail one particular cosmology in which it is possible to specify the contribution from this new species. We suggest a means of avoiding a potentially redundant copy of the development of the universe the above implies through a cosmological spacetime manifold that is a Mobius band closed in time and non-orientable in space. Though it is closed, a Dirac field in such a spacetime may still possess a global arrow of time by virtue of the twist of the Mobius band.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of "Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experimen