Pathological findings in semen analysis from COVID-19 survivors and the impact of various SARS-COV-2 vaccines on spermatogenesis

Male reproductive health depends on many factors, including whether infectious diseases occur in the reproductive system. Such changes may be reflected in the semen analysis. In the past three years, the number of individuals who fell ill with COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been growing worldwide, including in Russia. This infection causes dysfunction and a negative effect on many organs and systems, including reproductive organs, which is reflected in abnormal semen parameters. Despite the high efficacy and small number of side effects found in clinical trials, only 56% of the population in the US and 49% in the Russian Federation reported wanting the vaccine. One of the reasons for distrust of vaccines is the potential negative impact on fertility. A literature review is devoted to the study of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination on male reproductive health. The search was carried out using Medline, PubMed, and EMBASE databases

New coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Is there an impact on male reproductive health

The male reproductive health depends on several factors that can be divided into two main groups: the first group, genetic or hereditary (in particular, Klinefelter syndrome, etc.), the second acquired factors that depend on the person's lifestyle (bad habits, diet), stress, infectious diseases of the genitourinary system, etc. The presence of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the male reproductive system leads to impaired reproductive and endocrine function, significantly reducing the reproductive potential. In the last three years of our time around the world, including Russia, the number of people who have become ill with a new viral infection (COVID-19) caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes dysfunction and has a negative effect on many organs and organs, body systems.The overview of recent publications is devoted to the study of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the reproductive health of men. The search was performed using the Medline, PubMed, and EMBASE databases

Morphological changes in testicles of patients with idiopathic infertility after novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19)

Introduction. SARS-CoV-2 causes several negative processes in the body and complicates the course of chronic somatic diseases, causing dysfunction and having a negative effect on many organs and systems of the body, including organs of the reproductive system.Objective. To study morphological changes in testicles of patients who have undergone a new coronavirus infection.Materials and methods. Objects of morphological research were testicular tissues obtained by intraoperative biopsy under intravenous anesthesia served. Material sampling was carried out in 12 patients aged 25–29 years with idiopathic infertility who underwent COVID-19. Patients showed ultrasound signs of fibrosis in the testicles, which were absent before infection with SARS-CoV-2. The biopsy was performed 12 months after COVID-19.Results. In all observations, changes were observed that are characteristic of the inflammatory process, nonbacterial autoimmune genesis. Histio-lymphocytic infiltration of testicular tissue with destruction of single tubules and parenchyma atrophy, combined with varying degrees of sclerosis, was verified.Conclusion. In testicular biopsy specimens from patients who have undergone COVID-19, an autoimmune inflammatory process is recorded, manifested by lymphocytic infiltration of testicular tissue, which was combined with varying degrees of sclerosis

Lower urinary tract symptoms following discontinuation of long-term non-medical use of testosterone preparations

Introduction. The aging process in men is accompanied by a progressive decrease in the level of serum testosterone (Tc). In addition to chronological aging, various factors contribute to the decline in testosterone levels. One of such factors contributing to the decrease in endogenous Tc and the development of secondary hypogonadism is the long-term use of testosterone preparations (TPs) used for non-medical purposes.Objective. To assess the nature of lower urinary tract symptoms following discontinuation of long-term non-medical use of testosterone preparations.Materials and methods. A clinical and statistical analysis of examination results in 31 men aged 22 – 46 years who received TPs for non-medical purposes while visiting gyms and subsequently turned to urologist with complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) was carried out. The study used the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire, laboratory and instrumental examinations: general urine examination, general blood examination, prostate secretion microscopy, evaluation of serum total Tc, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones, prolactin, estradiol, prostate ultrasound and bladder ultrasound, uroflowmetryResults. When assessing LUTS, the prevalence of irritative symptoms was noted. The level of serum total Tc in 13 (41.9%) men was in the range of 8 – 11 nmol/l, in 18 (58.1%) men it was below 8 nmol/l. In addition, most patients (77.4%) had areas of reduced blood flow in the prostate, and 67.7% had prostate fibrosis.Conclusion. Discontinuation of the use of long-term non-medical TPs can lead to the development of secondary hypogonadism and LUTS, which in most cases are irritative. In the treatment of these patients, an interdisciplinary rehabilitation program should be developed

Treatment of post-COVID-19 patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis: efficacy of recombinant interferon α-2b medications

Introduction. The tactics of managing and treating patients with chronic recurrent bacterial prostatitis (CRBP) in some cases is a difficult-to-treat condition for a practicing urologist. This circumstance occurs because the disease has several predisposing factors, a complex and multifaceted pathogenesis, and certain difficulties in diagnosis and treatment.Objective. To study the effectiveness of recombinant interferon α-2b medications in post-COVID-19 patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis against the background of antibiotic multi-drug resistance of microorganisms verified in prostate secretion.Materials and methods. The treatment of 52 post-COVID-19 patients with CRBP was analyzed, divided into three therapy-dependent groups. Group 1 patients (n = 18) received antibiotic therapy (ABT): Levofloxacin 500 mg q.d. PO for 28 days. Group 2 patients (n = 18) underwent combined therapy: ABT supplemented with recombinant interferon α-2b with an antioxidant complex of vitamins E and C (“Viferon®” rectal suppositories) 3.000.000 IU b.i.d. PR q12h for 28 days. Group 3 patients (n = 16) received monotherapy with recombinant interferon α-2b with an antioxidant complex of vitamins E and C (“Viferon®”rectal suppositories) 3.000.000 IU b.i.d. PR q12h for 28 days. The follow-up period was 6 months with monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters assessed before treatment, after 1, 3 and 6 months from the start of therapy.Results. Based on the monitoring of the clinical picture and laboratory parameters, after 1 follow-up month, there was a significant decrease in the symptoms of the disease in all study groups. However, after 3 and 6 follow-up months, this trend was observed only in patients of groups 2 and 3 receiving recombinant interferon alfa-2b with an antioxidant complex (vitamins E and C).Conclusions. Strengthening the standard CRBP-therapy with recombinant interferon α-2b with an antioxidant complex of vitamins E and C makes it possible to normalize both clinical and laboratory parameters in most patients

ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF DIAGNOSTICS OF THE RECURRENT INFECTIONS OF LOWER URINARY TRACTS OF THE PAPILLOMAVIRUS ETIOLOGY

The review dedicated by the diagnosis of recurrent infection of the lower urinary tract of the papillomavirus etiology. The search was conducted using Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI and WANG FANG databases. Human papillomaviruses included in the human virome and may be implicated in the development of the recurrent lower urinary tract infection. There are limitations of modern molecular-genetic methods for diagnosis of papillomavirus infection of the bladder. The gold standard for diagnosis of papillomavirus infection of the bladder remains cystoscopy and morphological study of the bladder biopsies

Idiopathic male infertility and human papillomavirus infection

Background. Infertility is the one of the complex and topical problem of the reproductology.Objectives. The study of the involvement and etiological structure of Human Papillomavirus infection (PVI) in men with infertility combined with PVI.Materials and methods. A survey of 71 patients aged from 22 to 44 years with the established infertility diagnosis combined with PVI and with the absence of other risk factors.Results. When analyzing the ejaculate among the various variants of pathozoospermia, asthenozoospermia was detected most often - in 56% of cases, asthenoteratozoospermia was recorded less often - in 21% of cases and oligoasthenoterozoospermia was determined in 16% of cases, respectively. A small proportion was oligoastenozoospermia, namely in 6% of observations. Pathozoospermia was combined with PVI 16, 18, 33 types in most cases.Conclusions. In the present study it was found that PVI can lead to various types of pathospermia. Infertility associated with PVI is characterized by impaired spermatozoa motility and deterioration in the morphological characteristics of the ejaculate. In the course of the analysis it was found that in patients with pathozoospermia have 16, 18, 33 HVP types in most cases

The immunological aspects of male infertility: 2016 - 2020 literature review

Approximately 15% of sexually active couples without using various methods of contraception do not achieve pregnancy within a year. At the same time, the cause of infertility is not identified in 30-40% of cases, which indicates the urgency of this problem and many existing questions regarding the developmental mechanisms that can lead to infertility. Many mechanisms of the development of infertility remain unclear, and therefore it is often impossible to carry out adequate diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of the review was to highlight the accumulated material on the topic of male immune infertility, to determine the direction of further research. Our review confirmed the urgent need for a detailed study of the mechanisms of immunological infertility. Emphasis is made on the areas on which further research to study this problem should be based

The significance of coronavirus infection in the development of reproductive and lower urinary tract lesions

The impact of COVID-19 on the organs of the genitourinary system is of particular interest to the urologist. There is insufficient information about this influence up to date. The studies are actively developing and require long-term data analysis to determine possible long-term complications, persistent changes in physiological parameters and anatomical and histological structures, as well as to establish the possibility of regression of these changes and complications. The results obtained will undoubtedly improve not only the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection and its complications, but also make it possible to predict certain disease's outcomes and changes in the function of organs and systems. In turn, this will give an understanding of the measures that need to be taken to completely avoid or minimize these complications and changes.This review focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on genitourinary organs, particularly its place in the development of the lower urinary tract and reproductive organs lesions, as well as the role of androgens in the course of SARS-CoV-2

Unsterile urine in health human--new paradigm in medicine

The 3-fold urine culture evaluation in healthy women (24) and men (28) was performed. In 100% of cases, various types of multicomponent aerobic-anaerobic microorganism associations were found. Dominant clusters in the urine of women incleded coagulase-negative staphylococci, Corynebacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Peptococcus sp., Propionibacterium sp., in men--coagulase negative staphylococci, Corynebacterium sp., Eubacterium sp. For aerobic microorganisms, level of bacteriuria in both groups was 10(2) CFU/ml, for most anaerobes--≥10(3) CFU/ml. Spectrum of microorganisms isolated from the urine was quite wide and variable. In women, number of assiociates in urine ranged from 3 to 10, in men--from 6 to 9, as well as individually--in each subject, the original range of microorganisms was not repeated in any other case