Impediments to estuarine management and rehabilitation : case study of the Humber Estuary

Estuaries are sites of high variability and high productivity but support major urban areas - 22 of the largest 32 cities found in the world can be found on estuaries. These features have degraded estuaries and so there is the need for a holistic management framework. However, there are many impediments that can occur to achieving successful and sustainable estuarine management and rehabilitation. These can occur due to the variety of users and needs that arise with in the estuarine environment. This current research interrogates the management and rehabilitation of the estuarine environment, as an economic and ecological resource. It focuses on the connectivity of the system with regards to the catchment area, land use and drainage, as well as, the impacts of activities such as dredging, and fishing on a commercial and recreational level. The research aims to highlight the various users, and how their activities affect the ecosystem and one another. The final aim is produce effective methods and potential proposals, to ensure prolonged activity and sustainable ecosystem function for future generations

Data to support small area health impact modelling of air pollution in the United Kingdom.

The data presented in this article were used to estimate the impacts of air pollution policies on population health and health inequalities within a spatial microsimulation model, MicroEnv [1]. They provide a basis for comparison with similar models and allow researchers to integrate additional model components without duplication of effort. Relative risk estimates for the association between air pollution and rates of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) incidence, IHD case fatality and all-cause mortality were taken from a review of the epidemiological literature and meta-analyses [2]. Modelled small area air pollution data (PM2.5) for Greater London, UK were obtained from an environmental consultancy. All other data were collected from open source Governmental or Non-Government Organisation (NGO) data repositories. These include all-cause mortality rates; IHD incidence, prevalence and mortality rates; general fertility rates; small area socio-economic deprivation data; and relative risk estimates for the association between deprivation and all-cause mortality

Milsom's Legal History

Toby Milsom was the most original English legal historian of the twentieth century. This paper gives a preliminary assessment of the importance of his work. charting the ways in which it has changed our thinking about the subject

The improvement and management of "slick-spot" soil

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1969 I2Master of Scienc

LED Chips and Packaging for 120 LPW SSL Component

Cree has developed a new, high-efficiency, low-cost, light emitting diode (LED) lamp module that should be capable of replacing standard, halogen, fluorescent and metal halide lamps based on the total cost of ownership. White LEDs are produced by combining one or more saturated color LEDs with a phosphor or other light down-converting media to achieve white broad-band illumination. This two year project addressed LED chip and package efficiency improvements to establish a technology platform suitable for low-cost, high-efficiency commercial luminaires. Novel photonic-crystal LEDs were developed to improve the light extraction efficiency of blue GaN-based LEDs compared to the baseline technology. Improved packaging designs that reduced down-conversion and absorption related light losses, led to a higher overall LED efficiency. Specifically, blue LEDs were demonstrated with light output nearing 600 mW and an external quantum efficiency greater than 60 percent (using 1 mm2 chips at an operating current of 350 mA). The results were achieved using a novel, production capable photonic-crystal LED fabrication process. These LEDs formed the basis for a multi-chip white lamp module prototype, which provided 510 lumens light output at a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 3875 K and an operating current of 350 mA per 1mm2 chip. The overall conversion efficiency at 4100 K improved to ~ 65%. The resulting efficacy is 112 lumens per watt (LPW) â a 33% improvement over the start of the project. In addition, a proof-of-concept luminaire was demonstrated that provided a flux of 1700 lumens at a 3842 K CCT

High Efficiency Integrated Package

Solid-state lighting based on LEDs has emerged as a superior alternative to inefficient conventional lighting, particularly incandescent. LED lighting can lead to 80 percent energy savings; can last 50,000 hours – 2-50 times longer than most bulbs; and contains no toxic lead or mercury. However, to enable mass adoption, particularly at the consumer level, the cost of LED luminaires must be reduced by an order of magnitude while achieving superior efficiency, light quality and lifetime. To become viable, energy-efficient replacement solutions must deliver system efficacies of ≥ 100 lumens per watt (LPW) with excellent color rendering (CRI > 85) at a cost that enables payback cycles of two years or less for commercial applications. This development will enable significant site energy savings as it targets commercial and retail lighting applications that are most sensitive to the lifetime operating costs with their extended operating hours per day. If costs are reduced substantially, dramatic energy savings can be realized by replacing incandescent lighting in the residential market as well. In light of these challenges, Cree proposed to develop a multi-chip integrated LED package with an output of > 1000 lumens of warm white light operating at an efficacy of at least 128 LPW with a CRI > 85. This product will serve as the light engine for replacement lamps and luminaires. At the end of the proposed program, this integrated package was to be used in a proof-of-concept lamp prototype to demonstrate the component’s viability in a common form factor. During this project Cree SBTC developed an efficient, compact warm-white LED package with an integrated remote color down-converter. Via a combination of intensive optical, electrical, and thermal optimization, a package design was obtained that met nearly all project goals. This package emitted 1295 lm under instant-on, room-temperature testing conditions, with an efficacy of 128.4 lm/W at a color temperature of ~2873K and 83 CRI. As such, the package’s performance exceeds DOE’s warm-white phosphor LED efficacy target for 2013. At the end of the program, we assembled an A19 sized demonstration bulb housing the integrated package which met Energy Star intensity variation requirements. With further development to reduce overall component cost, we anticipate that an integrated remote converter package such as developed during this program will find application in compact, high-efficacy LED-based lamps, particularly those requiring omnidirectional emission

High Efficiency LED Lamp for Solid-State Lighting

This report contains a summary of technical achievements during a three-year project to demonstrate high efficiency, solid-state lamps based on gallium nitride/silicon carbide light-emitting diodes. Novel chip designs and fabrication processes are described for a new type of nitride light-emitting diode with the potential for very high efficiency. This work resulted in the demonstration of blue light-emitting diodes in the one watt class that achieved up to 495 mW of light output at 350 mA drive current, corresponding to quantum and wall plug efficiencies of 51% and 45%, respectively. When combined with a phosphor in Cree's 7090 XLamp package, these advanced blue-emitting devices resulted in white light-emitting diodes whose efficacy exceeded 85 lumens per watt. In addition, up to 1040 lumens at greater than 85 lumens per watt was achieved by combining multiple devices to make a compact white lamp module with high optical efficiency

Quality of turkey meat cooked from the frozen or defrosted state as affected by braising or pressure cooking

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1968 I22Master of Scienc