BIOTECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR USE IN WHEAT RESEARCH IN ROMANIA

Biotechnology tools seemed a true challenge 50 years ago, but proved to be a huge opportunity for agriculture by the techniques of manipulating the genes of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Remarkable advances were made for the improvement of agricultural species both through traditional breeding and through techniques of molecular biology. Using these methods people manipulate a natural process to produce varieties of organisms that display desired characteristics, such as disease resistant crops or food animals, but there are few major differences between these methods of gene transfer which lie neither in goals nor processes, but rather in speed, precision, reliability and scope. In traditional breeding many crosses are necessary before the ''right'' chance recombination of genes results in offspring while biotechnological methods can insert individual genes for specific traits directly into an established genome, so by gene transfer can shorten the time required to develop new varieties

STUDY REGARDING INFLUENCE OF THE ORGANIC FERTILIZATION ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVITY TRAITS TO THE SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX)

In this paper, are presented the results concerning some elements of productivity under the influence of an ecological foliar fertilizer (compound of the green seaweed) namely Algafix applied to the soybean in 4 variants, along with untreated control. In comparison with untreated control, the variants fertilized with Algafix have recorded obvious increases in terms of plant height, number of branch pods/plant, number of pods/branch, number of pods/plant and the MMB. Also, the production showed significantly higher values to variants fertilized with Algafix compared with untreated control, the differences toward control being since insignificant positive (V3) until to significantly (V1) significantly distinct (V4) and very significantly (V2). Results obtained suggest a positive significant effect induced by microbiologic fertilizer Algafix concerning the rapid and vigorous development with regeneration effect of soybean plants and, implicitly, with the higher production results compared to untreated control. We may think that seaweed can revolutionize the plant cellular activity, because it gives to plants everything it needs

SYNTHETIC AMPHIDIPLOID WHEAT – A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF RAISING QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Synthetic wheat is from the genetic point of view an amphidiploid which combines the genome of parents. It often exhibits superior characteristics that contribute to the enlargement of genetic variation in breeding programs or in the development of new varieties. Breeding programs of NARDI Fundulea, the most important agricultural research unit in Romania began to increase genetic variability by incorporating wild genes to exploit the improvement of wheat through crosses with wild ancestors and succeeded in creating lines of synthetic wheat with some higher quality components. Experimented lines of these programs proved to be an efficient and beneficial source of new genes for common wheat quality from the southern area of Romania

Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Indices and Nitrogen Fertilization for Some Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Genotypes

Water is essential to maximize crop yield and quality. This natural resource has assumed huge importance, especially in the warmest areas, where drought and environmental degradation has affected agricultural production. In order to identify drought tolerance of some groundnut genotypes and to investigate the relationships between seed yield, quality and drought tolerance indices a study was made using 10 promising genotypes. The experiment was carried out during 2014-2017 and sowed under randomized block design with four replicates. It included three factors: two levels of irrigation (a1 – non - irrigated and a2 - irrigated), two levels of fertilization (b1 – non-fertilized and b2 - 100 active Nitrogen/ha) and genotype (C1-C10). Seed yield depending on the influence of the factor, varied from 535.95 Kg/ha (non-irrigated) to 2020.95 Kg/ha (irrigated); from 1055.30 Kg/ha (non-fertilized) to 1501 Kg/ha (fertilized) and from 1111.30 Kg/ha to 1388 Kg/ha depending on genotype. Same influence factors for protein content varied from 25.65% (irrigated) to 28.61% (non-irrigated); from 26.33% (non-fertilized) to 27.93% (fertilized) and from 25.59% to 28.52% depending on genotype. Stress susceptibility index (SSI) varied from 0.964 to 1.040; Stress Tolerance Index (STI) from 0.138 to 0.435; Mean Productivity (MP) from 883.5 to 1616.0; Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP) from 750.3 to 1332.7; Tolerance index (TOL) from 933.0 to 1844.0; Harmonic Mean (HM) from 637.2 to 1099.0; Yield Index (YI) 0.777 to 1.308 and Yield Stability Index (YSI) from 0.236 to 0.309. High values of SSI, STI, YI, DI, RDI and SSPI indicate drought tolerance and those variants present high stability

Environmental Conditions and Genotype Influence Upon Some Correlations Value to Few Lines of Winter Wheat

Twenty-five mutant/recombinant lines and the two parental forms of winter wheat were taken into study to assess the correlations between grain yield and some quality traits. This investigation was carried out at ARDS Caracal of University of Craiova, during 2015-2018 cropping seasons in randomized blocks design with 3 replications. It included two factors: A– influence of climatic conditions (2016-2017 favorable conditions (A1); 2017-2018 less favorable (A2) and 2018-2019 abnormal conditions (A3) and b – genotype. Observations were recorded after harvest for grain yield and some quality traits every year after harvest. All the analyzed traits such as proteins, starch, TKW, seeds number/ear, seeds weight/100, seeds weight/ear indicate the experimented material combine well high level of yield and superior quality percent in the grains

The Effect of Salicylic Acid and Polyetylene Glycol on Wheat Germination

The present paper analyses the effect of pre-treatment with salicylic acid (SA) on germination and the growth of winter wheat seedlings in water stress conditions induced by polyetylene glycol (PEG). A two-factor experiment was conducted in a completely randomized projection. The first factor (A) included three levels: a1- distilled water - control; a2 - 0.25 mM SA; a3 - 0.75 mM SA and the second factor (B) included three levels: b1- distilled water; b2 - 15% PEG and b3 - 25% PEG. Biological material was represented by a DH winter wheat line. It were made observations on germination percentage (GP), root length (RL), cotyledons length (CL), seedling fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI). After the analysis of the obtained results it can appreciate that the 25% PEG concentration played the main role for the significant decrease of the germination percentage (GP) and vigor index (VI). Also, seeds pre-treatment with 0.75 mM SA could be a way to improve germination characteristics in drought conditions

CONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEMPERATE-CONTINENTAL CLIMATE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NEW WHEAT LINES

The genetic diversity of wheat is high and continues to grow, which can contribute to the new challenges imposed by climate change. National Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Fundulea-Romania, using diverse genetic resources and biotechnological methods obtained a series of DH mutant/recombinant lines that can be used in the next years in many cropping zones because as a result of experimentation proved to adapt easily in moderate temperate continental conditions from south Romania. To evaluate the effect of this climate on their agronomic performance, 13 lines and the two forms from which they were extracted, were sowed in ARDS Caracal where average long-term climatic data indicate an increase in temperature with almost 2.500C and also the frequency of periods with drought and high temperatures, as well as extreme weather events. In this context, the new lines represent a superior genetic material that can be made available to farmers and has proven capable of giving high, stable, and quality yields corresponding to market requirements, under the increasingly frequent conditions of some higher temperatures and fluctuations in the pluviometric regime

RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE KEEPING KIND UNTIL SOW OF GROUNDNUT SEED

The quality of seed used for sowing the surfaces for yield obtaining determines greatly the increase of agricultural crop production. Using for sow superior quality seed, with high biological and physical purity, good indices for germination, one thousand seed mass, hectolitric mass and vigor, contributes to optimum conditions expression of the crop to a total productive and qualitative potential of the cultivated varieties.The obtained experimental results show that groundnuts seed can be taken out of pods long before sowing if they are properly dried, without having a bad influence on germination and harvest