Perceptions of the paranormal.

Dr Ian Baker, Parapsychologist and Chartered psychologist explains how apparently paranormal phenomena can be scientifically investigated in an effort to expand the human understanding of the world

What are we going to do about a problem like polymer chemistry? Develop new methods of delivery to improve understanding of a demanding interdisciplinary topic

Following collaboration between two chemistry lecturers and an academic developer an attempt was made to enhance the learning of students within a chemistry module through the adaptation of the delivery of content material. This paper reports a piece of practitioner led research which considered how effective the approach developed was upon the level of student understanding and the process through which this occurred. The module delivery was altered from an emphasis on the transmission of knowledge through a traditional lecture format, to rotating small group problem based sessions and the use of concept maps. Student feedback and higher grades achieved appear to demonstrate it was effective

Transient but not genetic loss of miR-451 attenuates the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension

<b>Rationale:</b> MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression and have recently been implicated in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Previous work established that miR-451 is up-regulated in rodent models of PAH.<p></p> <b>Objectives:</b> The role of miR-451 in the pulmonary circulation is unknown. We therefore sought to assess the involvement of miR-451 in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension.<p></p> <b>Methods:</b> Silencing of miR-451 was performed in vivo using miR-451 knockout mice and an antimiR targeting mature miR-451 in rats. Coupled with exposure to hypoxia, indices of pulmonary arterial hypertension were assessed. The effect of modulating miR-451 on human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration was analysed.<p></p> <b>Measurements and Main Results:</b> We observed a reduction in systolic right ventricular pressure in hypoxic rats pre-treated with antimiR-451 compared to hypoxia alone (47.7 ± 1.36mmHg and 56.0 ± 2.03mmHg respectively, p<0.01). In miR-451 knockout mice following exposure to chronic hypoxia, no significant differences were observed compared to wild type hypoxic mice. In vitro analysis demonstrated that over-expression of miR-451 in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells promoted migration under serum-free conditions. No effect on cellular proliferation was observed.<p></p> <b>Conclusions:</b> Transient inhibition of miR-451 attenuated the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in hypoxia exposed rats. Genetic deletion of miR-451 had no beneficial effect on indices of pulmonary arterial hypertension, potentially due to pathway redundancy compensating for the loss of miR-451.<p></p&gt

Dissociative tendencies, sensory processing sensitivity and aberrant salience as predictors of anomalous experiences and paranormal attributions.

An online survey completed by 307 adults was undertaken to examine the relationship between the reporting of parapsychological experiences and three psychological dimensions, namely dissociative tendencies, sensory-processing sensitivity and aberrant salience. In contrast with most previous studies of parapsychological experiences, cognizance was taken of a distinction between a proneness to have anomalous experiences and a proneness to attribute such experiences to paranormal factors. All three psychological predictors were found to be related both to a proneness to anomalous experiences and to a proneness to paranormal attributions. Possible implications of these findings for the basis of parapsychological experiences are indicated

Do cardiovascular responses to active and passive coping tasks predict future blood pressure 10 months later?

The study examined whether cardiovascular responses to active or passive coping tasks and single or multiple tasks predicted changes in resting blood pressure (BP) over a ten-month period. Heart rate (HR), BP, cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured at rest, and during mental stress tests (mental arithmetic, speech, and cold pressor tasks). A total of 104 eligible participants participated in the initial study, and 77 (74.04%) normotensive adult participants’ resting BP were re-evaluated at ten-month follow-up. Regression analyses indicated that after adjustment for baseline BP, initial age, gender, body mass index, family history of cardiovascular disease, and current cigarette smoking, heightened systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR responses to an active coping task (mental arithmetic) were associated with increased future SBP (R2 = .060, R2 =.045, respectively). Further, when aggregated, SBP responsivity (over the three tasks) resulted in a significant, but smaller increase in R2 accounting for .040 of the variance of follow-up SBP. These findings suggest that cardiovascular responses to active coping tasks predict future SBP. Furtherthe findings revealed that SBP responses to the tasks when aggregated were less predictive compared to an individual task (i.e., mental arithmetic). Of importance, hemodynamic reactivity (namely CO and TPR) did not predict future BP; suggesting that more general psychophysiological processes (e.g., inflammation, platelet aggregation) may be implicated, or that BP, but not hemodynamic reactivity may be a marker of hypertension

Mental representations of the supernatural: A cluster analysis of religiosity, spirituality and paranormal belief

The aim of the study was to establish a new typology of belief in the supernatural; categorising people, based on their levels of religiosity, spirituality and paranormal belief. Examining how the various beliefs are defined was a further objective. The reasons for people having different levels of these beliefs were discussed, highlighting ‘Metaphysical Chauvinism’ as a possible explanation. Previous research that used variousmethods to measure religiosity, spirituality and paranormal belief were discussed. Participants (n = 307) completed an online survey consisting of the revised Religious Life Inventory (rRLI), the Intrinsic Spirituality Scale (ISS) and the revised Paranormal Belief Scale (rPBS). Two cluster analyses were performed: one on the three main scales and a secondary analysis on the ISS, the subscales of the rRLI and the rPBS. The results revealed a four cluster solution for each analysis. For the main analysis the clusters were ‘believers’, ‘paranormal believers’, ‘sceptics’ and ‘religious believers’. Metaphysical Chauvinism was supported; however, it was acknowledged that there still appears to be a lack of consensus when defining supernatural beliefs. It is proposed that the cluster analysis approach is more effective than a simple scale when trying establish how a person believes

An assessment of the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council\u27s community based distribution programme

Since its inception, the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council’s (ZNFPC) community-based distribution (CBD) program has made significant and well-documented contributions to the demand for and use of family planning in Zimbabwe. Data from several studies have shown, however, a steady decline in this contribution and that the CBD agents spend more time resupplying existing clients than recruiting new acceptors. Moreover, the CBD program urgently needs to be able to address the AIDS crisis in the country. ZNFPC has undertaken this review to guide it in making appropriate decisions about the future direction of the program, allowing CBDs to have a broader range of responsibilities and modifying the structure to become more efficient. Some activities felt to be acceptable and feasible include: providing more detailed information on STIs/HIV/AIDS; identifying and referring individuals with STI symptoms for diagnosis and treatment at clinics; providing supportive counseling to people living with HIV/AIDS; educating communities about HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services and motivating their use; providing ongoing supportive counseling after HIV VCT testing; assisting parents to better communicate with their children on sexual and reproductive health issues; and advising adolescents like surrogate aunts and uncles

Online Meta-learning by Parallel Algorithm Competition

The efficiency of reinforcement learning algorithms depends critically on a few meta-parameters that modulates the learning updates and the trade-off between exploration and exploitation. The adaptation of the meta-parameters is an open question in reinforcement learning, which arguably has become more of an issue recently with the success of deep reinforcement learning in high-dimensional state spaces. The long learning times in domains such as Atari 2600 video games makes it not feasible to perform comprehensive searches of appropriate meta-parameter values. We propose the Online Meta-learning by Parallel Algorithm Competition (OMPAC) method. In the OMPAC method, several instances of a reinforcement learning algorithm are run in parallel with small differences in the initial values of the meta-parameters. After a fixed number of episodes, the instances are selected based on their performance in the task at hand. Before continuing the learning, Gaussian noise is added to the meta-parameters with a predefined probability. We validate the OMPAC method by improving the state-of-the-art results in stochastic SZ-Tetris and in standard Tetris with a smaller, 10$\times$10, board, by 31% and 84%, respectively, and by improving the results for deep Sarsa($\lambda$) agents in three Atari 2600 games by 62% or more. The experiments also show the ability of the OMPAC method to adapt the meta-parameters according to the learning progress in different tasks.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1702.0311

Are we there yet? Closing the gap in indigenous health in Australia: Monitoring clinical performance in Aboriginal and Islander community control health services in Queensland

Abstract presented at the World Congress of Cardiology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 18-21 April 2012

Shell Neurons of the Master Circadian Clock Coordinate the Phase of Tissue Clocks Throughout the Brain and Body

Background: Daily rhythms in mammals are programmed by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN contains two main compartments (shell and core), but the role of each region in system-level coordination remains ill defined. Herein, we use a functional assay to investigate how downstream tissues interpret region-specific outputs by using in vivo exposure to long day photoperiods to temporally dissociate the SCN. We then analyze resulting changes in the rhythms of clocks located throughout the brain and body to examine whether they maintain phase synchrony with the SCN shell or core. Results: Nearly all of the 17 tissues examined in the brain and body maintain phase synchrony with the SCN shell, but not the SCN core, which indicates that downstream oscillators are set by cues controlled specifically by the SCN shell. Interestingly, we also found that SCN dissociation diminished the amplitude of rhythms in core clock gene and protein expression in brain tissues by 50–75 %, which suggests that light-driven changes in the functional organization of the SCN markedly influence the strength of rhythms in downstream tissues. Conclusions: Overall, our results reveal that body clocks receive time-of-day cues specifically from the SCN shell, which may be an adaptive design principle that serves to maintain system-level phase relationships in a changing environment. Further, we demonstrate that lighting conditions alter the amplitude of the molecular clock in downstream tissues, which uncovers a new form of plasticity that may contribute to seasonal changes in physiology and behavior