Culture in the Classroom: A comparative study of classroom discourse management strategies

本研究では、小学校の授業でおこる教師・生徒間の談話に、どのような文化的影響が見られるかを考察した。データは、ニュージーランドと日本という異なった文化的背景を持つ小学校で収集した。比較分析法を用いて、新しい知識が伝達される際の文化的文脈の重要性と影響を考察した。具体的には、算数の新概念の導入とその説明に使用される言語学的形式に着目した。その結果、教師が使用したストラテジーは、主として1）知識の伝達に直接関連する疑問と学生への説明要求、2）発言権の転移という談話管理に関連するストラテジー、3）人間関係を維持するストラテジーの3種類の形式に分けられた。1）と2）に関しては、ニュージーランド人教師と日本人教師両者に用いられるが、場合により頻度がかなり異なることが分かった。しかし、その頻度の違いが文化によるものなのかを明確にするには、より多くのデータの分析が必要であると思われる。3）に関しては、同一の目的のため用いられるストラテジーに、ニュージーランドと日本の授業で文化に依存した違いがいくつか見られた。研究論

Large Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma with Tumor Infiltrative Lymphocytes and Autoimmune Hepatitis-Like Features

The development of a primary hepatic tumor associated with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has been rarely reported. This report describes a rare case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) that accompanied tumor infiltrative lymphocytes (TIL) and AIH-like features. Moreover, multiple early gastric cancers were recognized in synchrony. An 81-year-old male was admitted due to liver dysfunction. His laboratory data on admission showed an elevation of immunoglobulin G and a positive titer of antinuclear antibody. Biological tests for HBV and HCV were negative. Computed tomography showed a well-enhanced hepatic tumor and gastrointestinal fiberscopy revealed two early gastric cancers with mucosal invasion. Biopsies were obtained from the background liver and the hepatic tumor. Histologically, the tumor revealed adenocarcinoma and the liver showed piecemeal necrosis and interface hepatitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. The patient underwent hepatectomy and distal gastrectomy. Finally, he was diagnosed to have a mass forming type ICC and early gastric cancers. Moreover, prominent TIL in the ICC was revealed. An analysis of the infiltrating lymphocytes by immunohistochemical staining suggested that there was a difference in the local immune response between the tumor and the background liver. Review of the literature showed that there are only three reports of ICC associated with AIH, if including the current case

EFFECTS OF RICKSHAWS AND AUTO-RICKSHAWS ON THE CAPACITY OF URBAN SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS

Non-motorized vehicles (i.e. rickshaws) and small size motorized vehicles (i.e. auto-rickshaws) are popular para-transit modes that provided door-to-door service in congested parts of Dhaka metropolitan area. Improper design of signal timing at signalized intersections is one of the reasons of traffic congestion in Dhaka metropolitan area. For capacity analysis, to convert the mixed traffic flow into basic traffic flow passenger car equivalents plays an important role. In Bangladesh for signal design purposes passenger car equivalents value of rickshaws and auto-rickshaw are assumed by the traffic engineers as there is no widely acceptable method to estimate PCE values of rickshaws and auto-rickshaws, which is likely to result in unnecessarily long queues and additional delays or, in other words, inefficient intersection control. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of rickshaws and auto-rickshaws on the capacity of signalized intersections. This study also aimed at developing an estimation method of passenger car equivalent of rickshaws and auto rickshaws at signalized intersections by a macroscopic approach. Data of four intersections of Dhaka metropolitan were used for development of PCE values. Passenger car equivalent values of rickshaws and auto-rickshaws are recommended for capacity analysis of urban signalized intersections with a mixed traffic flow. The results indicated that the estimated PCE value of rickshaws and auto rickshaws of this study are different from the assumed PCE values that are presently used by traffic engineers of Bangladesh

The effect of exogenous dihydroxyacetone and methylglyoxal on growth, anthocyanin accumulation, and the glyoxalase system in Arabidopsis

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) occurs in wide-ranging organisms, including plants, and can undergo spontaneous conversion to methylglyoxal (MG). While the toxicity of MG to plants is well-known, the toxicity of DHA to plants remains to be elucidated. We investigated the effects of DHA and MG on Arabidopsis. Exogenous DHA at up to 10 mM did not affect the radicle emergence, the expansion of green cotyledons, the seedling growth, or the activity of glyoxalase II, while DHA at 10 mM inhibited the root elongation and increased the activity of glyoxalase I. Exogenous MG at 1.0 mM inhibited these physiological responses and increased both activities. Dihydroxyacetone at 10 mM increased the MG content in the roots. These results indicate that DHA is not so toxic as MG in Arabidopsis seeds and seedlings and suggest that the toxic effect of DHA at high concentrations is attributed to MG accumulation by the conversion to MG