モザンビーク ニオケル サンスウ キョウイク ノ ジュギョウ ブンセキ : キョウイン ヨウセイコウ ト ショウガッコウ オ ホウモン シテ

This article is a study record of Mathematics education lessons observed in the teacher training colleges（Instituto de Formação de Professores： IFP） and primary schools of Mozambique. Even though group works（workshop type lesson） were introduced in Mathematics lessons of the IFPs, it didn\u27t work appropriately for the students to remember the definition and meaning intended by the curriculum or lesson plan due to a lack of blackboard management（how to write on blackboard）, worksheet and guidance on note taking. As well as the IFPs, this issue was crucial in the primary schools. Moreover, management of lesson time was also pointed out by authors as one of the most indispensable problems. In both types of educational institutions, it is urgent to improve teachers\u27 knowledge and higher-ordered-thinking skill of Mathematics before enhancing their teaching skills and methods

Mild hypothermia reduces cardiac post-ischemic reactive hyperemia

BACKGROUND: In experimentally induced myocardial infarction, mild hypothermia (33–35°C) is beneficial if applied prior to ischemia or reperfusion. Hypothermia, when applied after reperfusion seems to confer little or no benefit. The mechanism by which hypothermia exerts its cell-protective effect during cardiac ischemia remains unclear. It has been hypothesized that hypothermia reduces the reperfusion damage; the additional damage incurred upon the myocardium during reperfusion. Reperfusion results in a massive increase in blood flow, reactive hyperemia, which may contribute to reperfusion damage. We postulated that hypothermia could attenuate the post-ischemic reactive hyperemia. METHODS: Sixteen 25–30 kg pigs, in a closed chest model, were anesthetized and temperature was established in all pigs at 37°C using an intravascular cooling catheter. The 16 pigs were then randomized to hypothermia (34°C) or control (37°C). The left main coronary artery was then catheterized with a PCI guiding catheter. A Doppler flow wire was placed in the mid part of the LAD and a PCI balloon was then positioned proximal to the Doppler wire but distal to the first diagonal branch. The LAD was then occluded for ten minutes in all pigs. Coronary blood flow was measured before, during and after ischemia/reperfusion. RESULTS: The peak flow seen during post-ischemic reactive hyperemia (during the first minutes of reperfusion) was significantly reduced by 43 % (p < 0.01) in hypothermic pigs compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Mild hypothermia significantly reduces post-ischemic hyperemia in a closed chest pig model. The reduction of reactive hyperemia during reperfusion may have an impact on cardiac reperfusion injury

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference

Activation of Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1/Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Are Correlated with Low Sensitivity to Bortezomib and Ixazomib in Resistant Multiple Myeloma Cells

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy often associated with primary and acquired resistance to therapeutic agents, such as proteasome inhibitors. However, the mechanisms underlying the proteasome inhibitor resistance are poorly understood. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of primary resistance to bortezomib and ixazomib in the MM cell lines, KMS-20, KMS-26, and KMS-28BM. We find that low bortezomib and ixazomib concentrations induce cell death in KMS-26 and KMS-28BM cells. However, high bortezomib and ixazomib concentrations induce cell death only in KMS-20 cells. During Gene Expression Omnibus analysis, KMS-20 cells exhibit high levels of expression of various genes, including anti-phospho-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), chemokine receptor type (CCR2), and serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase (SGK)1. The SGK1 inhibitor enhances the cytotoxic effects of bortezomib and ixazomib; however, FGFR1 and CCR2 inhibitors do not show such effect in KMS-20 cells. Moreover, SGK1 activation induces the phosphorylation of NF-&kappa;B p65, and an NF-&kappa;B inhibitor enhances the sensitivity of KMS-20 cells to bortezomib and ixazomib. Additionally, high levels of expression of SGK1 and NF-&kappa;B p65 is associated with a low sensitivity to bortezomib and a poor prognosis in MM patients. These results indicate that the activation of the SGK1/NF-&kappa;B pathway correlates with a low sensitivity to bortezomib and ixazomib, and a combination of bortezomib and ixazomib with an SGK1 or NF-&kappa;B inhibitor may be involved in the treatment of MM via activation of the SGK1/NF-&kappa;B pathway

モザンビーク キョウワコク ガクシュウ シドウ シシン ニ シメサレタ ショウガッコウ リカ キョウイク

本稿では，モザンビークの小学校理科教育についての概要を把握するため，教育省から発行された「Programa do Ensino B´ asico」の日本語訳を試みた。モザンビークの理科カリキュラムには，生活改善を目的とした内容や，科学の修得を目的とした内容が含まれている。構成主義に基づいた理科授業を推奨し，評価は到達度評価，相対評価，形成的評価と多様な評価方法を紹介している。学習方法や評価方法などについては，この指針を基本に，教師の判断により工夫することを望んでいる。In our tentative translation of the book“ Program of Basic Education”, published by the Ministry of Education, we attempt to broaden our knowledge about the current way of teaching the Natural Sciences in Mozambican schools. This Natural Sciences curriculum includes objectives such as better quality of life and learning technology. It recommends to Natural Science classes to follow constructivism and presents several ways of assessments, such as diagnostic evaluation, relative valuation and formative assessment. It also expects that teachers will develop their own ways for study and evaluation, in function of the present guidance./Tentamos traduzir o libro publicado pelo ministro de ensino“ Programa do Ensino Básico” para conhecer a atualidade sobre ensino de Ciências Naturais nas escolas moçambicanas. Este currículo de Ciências Naturais inclui os objetivos como melhor a qualidade da vida e aprender tecnologia. Recomendam-se aulas de Ciências Naturais de acordo com construtivismo e apresentam-se várias maneiras de avaliações; Avaliação diagnóstica, avaliação relativa, avaliação formativa. Também esperam que os professores elaborem jeito para estudar e avaliar á sua conta segundo esta orientação