The ADAXIALIZED LEAF1 gene functions in leaf and embryonic pattern formation in rice

AbstractThe adaxial–abaxial axis in leaf primordia is thought to be established first and is necessary for the expansion of the leaf lamina along the mediolateral axis. To understand axis information in leaf development, we isolated the adaxialized leaf1 (adl1) mutant in rice, which forms abaxially rolled leaves. adl1 leaves are covered with bulliform-like cells, which are normally distributed only on the adaxial surface. An adl1 double mutant with the adaxially snowy leaf mutant, which has albino cells that specifically appear in the abaxial mesophyll tissue, indicated that adl1 leaves show adaxialization in both epidermal and mesophyll tissues. The expression of HD-ZIPIII genes in adl1 mutant increased in mature leaves, but not in the young primordia or the SAM. This indicated that ADL1 may not be directly involved in determining initial leaf polarity, but rather is associated with the maintenance of axis information. ADL1 encodes a plant-specific calpain-like cysteine proteinase orthologous to maize DEFECTIVE KERNEL1. Furthermore, we identified intermediate and strong alleles of the adl1 mutant that generate shootless embryos and globular-arrested embryos with aleurone layer loss, respectively. We propose that ADL1 plays an important role in pattern formation of the leaf and embryo by promoting proper epidermal development

Kissing Aneurysm of the Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery: Preoperative CT Angiography and Surgical Management: A

We describe a patient with mirror-image aneurysms in the bilateral distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA). The larger aneurysm was clearly disclosed with digital subtraction angiography (DSA), but the smaller one could not be definitely identified. The bilateral aneurysms were confirmed with computed tomographic (CT) angiography, which showed the right ACA aneurysm to be hidden behind the left ACA aneurysm, likely buried in the cingulate gyrus. During surgery, the left ACA aneurysm was clipped first. The right ACA aneurysm was exposed by a small subpial resection of the cingulate gyrus, and the right ACA aneurysm, which strongly adhered to the surrounding tissue, was safely dissected. Multiple aneurysms associated with a distal ACA aneurysm are not rare. We conclude that further examination with CT angiography is important when kissing aneurysms are suggested by DSA