249 research outputs found
Fiscal Deficits and Debt Dimensions of Pakistan
Pakistan continues to suffer from a syndrome of high fiscal deficits and severe incidence of debt. Its annual fiscal deficit has stayed constantly at over 6 percent of GDP especially since 1990 [Pakistan (1997-98)]. The prevalence of such a high fiscal deficit over the years in a row has propelled increased borrowing from both internal and external sources to cover the resource gap. With inadequate improvement in the repayment capacity of the country debt has continued to accumulate at a massive rate. Serving as the cause and effect of each other, the volumes of both the fiscal deficit and debt have soared continuously. The most devastating consequence of high fiscal deficit and soaring debt has been the continuous accrual of massive debt-servicing. In fact, both the debt and debt-servicing have reached unaffordable limits. How to alleviate this situation has become the foremost issue of the country. While complete elimination of all the debt and thereby debt-servicing may not be easy to accomplish in the short run, efforts are needed to systematically bring the fiscal deficit down to a minimum affordable limit. What may be the minimum financeable level of fiscal deficit and how it may be reduced to that level are the issues addressed in this paper.
EAST: Energy Efficient Adaptive Scheme for Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks
In this paper, we propose Energy-efficient Adaptive Scheme for Transmission
(EAST) in WSNs. EAST is IEEE 802.15.4 standard compliant. In this approach,
open-loop is used for temperature-aware link quality estimation and
compensation. Whereas, closed-loop feedback helps to divide network into three
logical regions to minimize overhead of control packets on basis of Threshold
transmitter power loss (RSSIloss) for each region and current number of
neighbor nodes that help to adapt transmit power according to link quality
changes due to temperature variation. Simulation results show that propose
scheme; EAST effectively adapts transmission power to changing link quality
with less control packets overhead and energy consumption compared to classical
approach with single region in which maximum transmitter power assigned to
compensate temperature variation
Energy Consumption Rate based Stable Election Protocol (ECRSEP) for WSNs
In recent few yearsWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have seen an increased
interest in various applications like border field security, disaster
management and medical applications. So large number of sensor nodes are
deployed for such applications, which can work autonomously. Due to small power
batteries in WSNs, efficient utilization of battery power is an important
factor. Clustering is an efficient technique to extend life time of sensor
networks by reducing the energy consumption. In this paper, we propose a new
protocol; Energy Consumption Rate based Stable Election Protocol (ECRSEP). Our
CH selection scheme is based on the weighted election probabilities of each
node according to the Energy Consumption Rate (ECR) of each node. We compare
results of our proposed protocol with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy
(LEACH), Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Stable Election
Protocol (SEP), and Enhanced SEP(ESEP). Our simulation results show that our
proposed protocol, ECRSEP outperforms all these protocols in terms of network
stability and network lifetime
Q-LEACH: A New Routing Protocol for WSNs
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with their dynamic applications gained a
tremendous attention of researchers. Constant monitoring of critical situations
attracted researchers to utilize WSNs at vast platforms. The main focus in WSNs
is to enhance network life-time as much as one could, for efficient and optimal
utilization of resources. Different approaches based upon clustering are
proposed for optimum functionality. Network life-time is always related with
energy of sensor nodes deployed at remote areas for constant and fault tolerant
monitoring. In this work, we propose Quadrature-LEACH (Q-LEACH) for homogenous
networks which enhances stability period, network life-time and throughput
quiet significantly
Fiscal Deficits and Debt Dimensions of Pakistan
Pakistan continues to suffer from a syndrome of high fiscal
deficits and severe incidence of debt. Its annual fiscal deficit has
stayed constantly at over 6 percent of GDP especially since 1990
[Pakistan (1997-98)]. The prevalence of such a high fiscal deficit over
the years in a row has propelled increased borrowing from both internal
and external sources to cover the resource gap. With inadequate
improvement in the repayment capacity of the country debt has continued
to accumulate at a massive rate. Serving as the cause and effect of each
other, the volumes of both the fiscal deficit and debt have soared
continuously. The most devastating consequence of high fiscal deficit
and soaring debt has been the continuous accrual of massive
debt-servicing. In fact, both the debt and debt-servicing have reached
unaffordable limits. How to alleviate this situation has become the
foremost issue of the country. While complete elimination of all the
debt and thereby debt-servicing may not be easy to accomplish in the
short run, efforts are needed to systematically bring the fiscal deficit
down to a minimum affordable limit. What may be the minimum financeable
level of fiscal deficit and how it may be reduced to that level are the
issues addressed in this paper
A New Weighting Scheme in Weighted Markov Model for Predicting the Probability of Drought Episodes
Drought is a complex stochastic natural hazard caused by prolonged shortage
of rainfall. Several environmental factors are involved in determining drought
classes at the specific monitoring station. Therefore, efficient sequence
processing techniques are required to explore and predict the periodic
information about the various episodes of drought classes. In this study, we
proposed a new weighting scheme to predict the probability of various drought
classes under Weighted Markov Chain (WMC) model. We provide a standardized
scheme of weights for ordinal sequences of drought classifications by
normalizing squared weighted Cohen Kappa. Illustrations of the proposed scheme
are given by including temporal ordinal data on drought classes determined by
the standardized precipitation temperature index (SPTI). Experimental results
show that the proposed weighting scheme for WMC model is sufficiently flexible
to address actual changes in drought classifications by restructuring the
transient behavior of a Markov chain. In summary, this paper proposes a new
weighting scheme to improve the accuracy of the WMC, specifically in the field
of hydrology
Wind-driven estuarine turbidity maxima in Mandovi Estuary, central West coast of India
Systematic studies on the suspended particulate matter (SPM) measured on a seasonal cycle in the Mandovi Estuary, Goa indicate that the average concentrations of SPM at the regular station are ~20mg/l, 5mg/l, 19mg/l and 5mg/l for June–September, October–January, February–April and May, respectively. SPM exhibits low-to-moderate correlation with rainfall indicating that SPM is also influenced by other processes. Transect stations reveal that the SPM at sea-end stations of the estuary are at least two orders of magnitude greater than those at the river-end during the monsoon. Estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) of nearly similar magnitude occurs at the same location in two periods, interrupted by a period with very low SPM concentrations. The ETM occurring in June–September is associated with low salinities; its formation is attributed to the interactions between strong southwesterly winds (5.1–5.6ms-1) and wind-induced waves and tidal currents and, dominant easterly river flow at the mouth of the estuary. The ETM occurring in February–April is associated with high salinity and is conspicuous. The strong NW and SW winds (3.2–3.7ms-1) and wind-driven waves and currents seem to have acted effectively at the mouth of the estuary in developing turbidity maximum. The impact of sea breeze appears nearly same as that of trade winds and cannot be underestimated in sediment resuspension and deposition
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