Historical culture and peace. How older generations address the need of younger generations to learn about theier in-group past

This chapter has three aims. First, it aims to disentangle social denial of in-group responsibilities for intergroup violence from other types of silence about intergroup violence. Secondly, it argues that intergenerational narratives which omit information about in-group responsibilities for violence that occurred before the birth of younger generations are highly risky to the descendants of perpetrators. Finally, it emphasises the importance of exploring in greater depth the understudied moment when a literal social denial about past in-group war crimes is exposed. To support these aims, the chapter presents results from a recent mixed methods, quasi-experimental study, which used between- and within-subject comparisons. The study asked young Italian university students to read an explicit text (“detailed text”) vs. a more nuanced one (“mild text”) about Italian war crimes occurring during the colonial invasion of Ethiopia. Data were collected before reading the text, during the reading and after it. Texts were constructed by manipulating the wording of a single historical narrative, taken from a textbook currently used in Italian high schools. The inclusion of this information in Italian history textbooks is quite recent, taking place approximately 70 years after the end of the war. Prior to this a widespread social denial silenced these crimes and as a result they were largely ignored in general social discourse. Results showed that participants reacted not only to the new information received but also to the way in which it was conveyed. The detailed narrative, by frankly taking a moral stance on past violence (a strategy that we named, after classic works of Foucault, 1983, parrhesia), provoked a better understanding of information, together with an increase of negative group-based moral emotions. Interestingly, while collective guilt did not differ between participants exposed to a detailed or a mild text, moral emotions distancing young participants from the responsibilities of older generations increased when these crimes were clearly exposed

The contractile segment of the abneural limbus in the gecko cochlea is enriched in vimentin

Previously, we discovered a contractile segment within the cartilaginous abneural limbus of the gecko cochlea, the noncartilaginous abneural limbus (NAL, Ganeshina and Vorobyev, J Comp Neurol 461:539-547, 2003). Here, we demonstrate, by means of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, the nanoLC-ESI-MSMS technique, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry, that the major cytoskeletal protein of the NAL cells is vimentin. Filamentous actin constitutes a minor component of the NAL contractile cell cytoskeleton. Our data indicate that the NAL represents a previously unknown specialization of connective tissue, characterized by the reduction of extracellular matrix and a hypertrophy of the vimentin-based intracellular cytoskeleton. The results are compatible with our hypothesis that the NAL is involved in an adaptation of the cochlear mechanics