Obtaining strong ferromagnetism in diluted Gd-doped ZnO thin films through controlled Gd-defect complexes

We demonstrate the fabrication of reproducible long-range ferromagnetism (FM) in highly crystalline Gdx Zn 1−xO thin films by controlling the defects. Films are grown on lattice-matched substrates by pulsed laser deposition at low oxygen pressures (≤25 mTorr) and low Gd concentrations (x ≤ 0.009). These films feature strong FM (10 μB per Gd atom) at room temperature. While films deposited at higher oxygen pressure do not exhibit FM, FM is recovered by post-annealing these films under vacuum. These findings reveal the contribution of oxygen deficiency defects to the long-range FM. We demonstrate the possible FM mechanisms, which are confirmed by density functional theory study, and show that Gd dopants are essential for establishing FM that is induced by intrinsic defects in these films

Double charged surface layers in lead halide perovskite crystals

Understanding defect chemistry, particularly ion migration, and its significant effect on the surface’s optical and electronic properties is one of the major challenges impeding the development of hybrid perovskite-based devices. Here, using both experimental and theoretical approaches, we demonstrate that the surface layers of the perovskite crystals may acquire a high concentration of positively charged halide vacancies with the complementary negatively charged halide ions pushed to the surface. This charge separation near to the surface generate an electric field that can induce a shift in the optical band gap of the surface layers to higher energy compared to the bulk counterpart. We found that the charge separation, electric field and the amplitude of shift in the bandgap strongly depend on the halides and organic moieties of perovskites crystals. Our findings reveal the peculiarity of surface effects that is currently limiting the application of perovskite crystals and more importantly explain their origins, thus enabling viable surface passivation strategies to remediate them

Double charged surface layers in lead halide perovskite crystals

Understanding defect chemistry, particularly ion migration, and its significant effect on the surface’s optical and electronic properties is one of the major challenges impeding the development of hybrid perovskite-based devices. Here, using both experimental and theoretical approaches, we demonstrate that the surface layers of the perovskite crystals may acquire a high concentration of positively charged halide vacancies with the complementary negatively charged halide ions pushed to the surface. This charge separation near to the surface generate an electric field that can induce a shift in the optical band gap of the surface layers to higher energy compared to the bulk counterpart. We found that the charge separation, electric field and the amplitude of shift in the bandgap strongly depend on the halides and organic moieties of perovskites crystals. Our findings reveal the peculiarity of surface effects that is currently limiting the application of perovskite crystals and more importantly explain their origins, thus enabling viable surface passivation strategies to remediate them