Stigma: The Role of Video in Psycho-education (“It Hurts Me” - Video for the Promotion of Mental Health)

SZO navodi depresiju kao četvrti zdravstveni problem. Godine 2020. bit će drugi i najveći uzrok radno-socijalnog nefunkcioniranja. Stigmatizacija je negativno obilježavanje, marginaliziranje. Negativna je, znak srama i diskreditacije. Uobičajeno je uvjerenje kako su osobe s mentalnim smetnjama nasilne, nepredvidljive i agresivne. Kratki filmovi, videa jasnih poruka s malo riječi i bogatstvom neverbalnih znakova izvrstan su izbor za psihoedukaciju mladih. Neverbalna komunikacija složena je od pokreta i poza, izraza lica, položaja tijela do tona glasa, koristimo je za izražavanje emocija, stavova i osobina ličnosti. U oglednom videu posebna pažnja usmjerena je prenošenje poruke izrazom lica. Manjak osobnosti izbjegnut je time što je prenose medijski prepoznatljive osobe s mogućnošću identifikacije. Želja nam je naglasiti važnost primijenjenog medija u promociji zdravlja i promjeni stavova kod mladih ljudi.The WHO appointed depression as the fourth major health problem. In 2020, will be the second largest world health problem and the biggest cause of labor and social non-functioning. Stigmatization, classification as a less valuable person isolates individuals. Stigma is a sign of shame and discredit with a negative connotation. It is common belief that people with mental disabilities are violent, unpredictable, and aggressive. Short films, videos, a clear message in a few words and a wealth of non-verbal cues are an excellent choice for psycho-education for young people. Non-verbal communication is a complex set of movements and poses, facial expressions, body postures. These non-verbal cues also include the tone of voice and voice expressed emotion, attitudes, and personality traits. In the experimental video special attention is on transmission of messages from the human face. From the study, the lack of personality was avoided by transferring the message to the youth by a recognized figure in the media and then the participants emphasized the possibility of identification. We hope to emphasize the importance of applied media in health promotion and change attitudes among young people

Supplying ships with safe drinking-water

Background: Ships are supplied with water from various sources: directly from the public utility system at the port, from water supply vessels or barges, bottled water, ice or, if water production on board is possible,through processes such as desalination and reverse osmosis. All elements of a ship’s water supply chain are exposed to the influence of different factors that may have a negative impact on water safety on board or on human health. Potable water standards are the same for vessels and for land-based facilities. In recognition of the importance of drinking water and the impact it can have on human health, stringent quality standards have been laid down in national and global regulations. The aim of the study was to describe the water supply system on ships and its weak points, as well as the health risks that the use of npolluted drinking water can entail. Materials and methods: The Medline Database has been searched using the following key words: ship, water supply, waterborne infections. Other available literature has also been used, as well as national and international regulations on drinking-water safety. Results and Conclusions: Drinking water on ships is managed in line with the hygienic and health standards applied along the entire supply chain, from the source to the point of consumption. Regardless of the sanitary control system used by the authorised institutions on the ground, ship officers must oversee the entire water supply and distribution system on board, as well the water production systems if these exist. That means that they must be well aware of all of the fundamental facts of the supervision system, as well as the weaknesses of the water supply system. Maritime studies students, future deck officers and engine officers, must all receive training on the weak points of the system and on water contamination prevention

Staromrštvo u doba pandemije

Elderly persons, in addition to their health needs, also have a need for being socially perceived as persons and for considering aging as a normal life process. Throughout history, older people have been considered a social problem, resulting in a negative attitude towards the old age group. Ageism is a term denoting discrimination of a group of people because of their old age. Discrimination occurs because of the belief that aging causes negative changes that make a person less attractive, less intelligent and, most importantly, less productive. During a pandemic, the society’s unethical actions towards this particularly vulnerabile group become evident. These include cruelties in the triage procedure in some EU countries, giving preference to those who have a better chance of survival, and the recurring impression among the younger populations that nothing significant has changed in their lives and that, accordingly, nothing should be changed in their habits and behaviour.Stariji ljudi, osim zdravstvenih potreba, imaju i potrebu za društvenom percepcijom njih kao osoba i starenja kao normalnog životnog procesa. Kroz povijest, starije osobe su se smatrale socijalnim problemom i razvilo se negativno stajalište prema starijoj dobnoj skupini Ageism je pojam koji označava diskriminaciju određene skupine ljudi zbog njihove starije dobi. Do diskriminacije dolazi zbog uvjerenja kako starenjem dolazi do negativnih promjena koje čovjeka čine manje atraktivnim, manje inteligentnim i, najbitnije, manje produktivnim. Za vrijeme pandemije očituju se neetički postupci društva prema ovoj posebno ugroženoj skupini. Od onih početnih okrutnosti u trijažnom postupku prema velikom broju bolesnika u nekim europskim društvima da se prednost dodijeli onom koji ima veću šansu za preživljavanjem do svakodnevno ponavljanje činjenice kako je većina umrlih starije životne dobi i osoba s nekom kroničnom bolešću u jednog dijela mlađe populacije stvorilo se dojam kako se njima ništa značajno u životu ne mijenja u današnje vrijeme te da sukladno rečenom ne treba mijenjati ništa u svojim navikama i ponašanju

Stereotypes and health literacy in seafarers: views of the students of medicine and maritime science on contraception

Background: There are a number of stereotypes of seafarers in today’s society. In Croatia, the prevailing stereotype assumes that they are a specific population having an ideal life and a great time both at sea and at home and have a liberal worldview. In the reality, seafaring is a hardly, demanding, stressful and high-risk occupation. The goal of this research was to gain comparative insights into the standpoints of the students of the University of Split Faculty of Maritime Studies and School of Medicine on the issues regarding reproductive health and contraception. Materials and methods: We used the views on contraception questionnaire created by Kelly J. Black from the University of Washington. The respondents participating in the research are the students of the two constituent faculties at the University of Split: School of Medicine and the Faculty of Maritime Studies. A total of 274 students took part in the research, out of which 116 were female students. Results: There is a significant difference in the attitude to the use of contraception, which is more positive in female student population. The students of medical science have a more positive attitude to contraception than their peers at the Faculty of Maritime Studies. Conclusions: Considering the results obtained through the survey and the information from relevant sources, it can be concluded that it is necessary to enhance health literacy in the seafaring population, given the challenges in their working and living environment

UČINAK ZNANJA NA FORMIRANJE STAVOVA O STARENJU I STAROSTI U STUDENATA SVEUČILIŠTA U SPLITU

Introduction: With the global trend of increasing ageing of the population, there is a corresponding increase in the health problems associated with elderly population. Older people need ever more health services. According to the research, the factors that infl uence health care practice of the health workers for the elderly in geriatric hospitals included knowledge, attitude, and gerontologic education. The aim of this study was to determine whether education in gerontology affects attitude towards ageing and the elderly among students at the University of Split. An additional objective was to determine the extent to which the student socio-demographic status (age, sex, domicile), different education and experience of living with the elderly affect their attitude towards ageing and the elderly. Subjects and Methods: The population included in this study consisted of 301 students of the University of Split, 153 of whom attended the Faculty of Maritime Studies and 148 the School of Medicine. The research was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire, during the period from December 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021. A total of 45 students had attended training in gerontology, while 265 had none. Information was collected through a questionnaire that consisted of 3 parts: one investigating their socio-demographic characteristics, another one looking into their attitudes towards the elderly (the Kogan score scale), and Palmer’s competence test. Results: A difference in attitude was observed between students who had undergone training in gerontology compared to those who had none. Socio-demographic factors, different education and the experience of living with the elderly also affected student attitudes. Overall, the School of Medicine students had a more positive attitude than those of the Faculty of Maritime Studies. The level of statistical signifi cance was set at p<0.05. Conclusion: Education in gerontology helps form a more positive attitude towards the elderly among students, meaning that educational programs should be changed with the aim of reducing stigmatization of the elderly.Uvod: Prisutan globalni trend starenja stanovništva rezultira sve većim udjelom starog stanovništva i sve većim potrebama za zdravstvenim uslugama, što opterećuje zdravstveni sustav. Stavovi zdravstvenih radnika bitan su čimbenik koji utječe na njihovo ponašanje. Prema dostupnim istraživanjima čimbenici utjecaja na rad zdravstvenih radnika prema starim osobama u gerijatrijskim ustanovama uključuju znanje, stav i gerontološko obrazovanje. Cilj: Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj izobrazbe iz područja gerontologije na formiranje stavova studenata prema osobama starije životne dobi i prema procesu starenja. Uz izobrazbu iz gerontologije ispitali smo kako demografski čimbenici (spol, dob, boravište), različiti obrazovni sadržaji kojima su studenti bili izloženi i suživot s osobama starije dobi utječu na formiranje stava studenta prema starenju i starijoj životnoj dobi. Ispitanici i metode: Istraživanje je obuhvatilo studente Sveučilišta u Splitu, a pristupio mu je 301 student. Istraživanje je provedeno anonimnim anketnim upitnikom u razdoblju od 1. prosinca 2020. do 31. ožujka 2021. godine. Najveći broj studenata je na studijskim programima Pomorskog fakulteta (n=153). Istraživanju je pristupilo i 148 studenata Medicinskog fakulteta. Studenata koji su prošli izobrazbu iz gerontologije bilo je 45, a 265 nije imalo nikakav oblik izobrazbe iz gerontologije. Podatci su dobiveni anketnim upitnikom koji se sastojao od 3 dijela, i to dijela koji se odnosi na sociodemografska obilježja, dio kojim se ispituje stav prema starijim osobama (Koganova ljestvica) te testa znanja (Palmerov upitnik). Za testiranje statističke značajnosti primijenjeni su χ2-test, Mann Whitneyev U test i Kruskal-Wallisov test. Rezultati: Stavovi studenata Medicinskog fakulteta, različitih studija, statistički su značajno pozitivniji u odnosu na ispitanike Pomorskog fakulteta. Postoje razlike u stavovima prema starenju i starijim osobama među skupinama studenata s obzirom na različitost obrazovnih sadržaja iz gerontologije. Čimbenici kao što su demografski čimbenici, obrazovni čimbenici, različiti obrazovni sadržaji kojima su studenti bili izloženi te suživot s osobama starije dobi značajno utječu na stavove o starenju i starijoj životnoj dobi kod studenata. Zaključak: Postojanje obrazovnog sadržaja iz gerontologije utječe na formiranje pozitivnog stava o starenju i starijoj životnoj dobi među studentima te bi, s obzirom na demografske promjene u društvu, trebalo prilagoditi obrazovne programe, što bi trebalo rezultirati smanjenjem stigmatizacije osoba treće životne dobi

Razlike stavova studenata zdravstvenog i nezdravstvenog usmjerenja o starenju i demenciji

Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati stavove studenata zdravstvenih i nezdravstvenih usmjerenja o starenju i demenciji.Metode: Istraživanje je presječno. Ispitanici su studenti Sveučilišta u Splitu s Medicinskog, Pomorskog i Filozofskog fakulteta te Odjela zdravstvenih studija. Obrađeni podatci prikupljeni su putem online ankete. Metode deskriptivne statistike prezentiraju srednje razine stavova upotrebom medijana i aritmetičke sredine s pokazateljima raspršenosti oko srednjih vrijednosti upotrebom interkvartilnog raspona, te standardne devijacije. χ2 testom ispituje se razlika u strukturi ispitanika. Kod ispitivanja hipoteza kori-ste se T-test, Anova test, te regresijska analiza. Analiza je rađena u statističkom softwareu STATISTICA 12, TIBCO Software Inc., California.Alati za mjerenje: Za potrebe istraživanja proveden je anketni upitnik od četiri (4) dijela: podatci o sociodemografskim obiljež-jima ispitanika, znanje ispitanika upotrebom Palmerove ljestvice, stavovi prema starenju i starijim osobama upotrebom Koganove ljestvice te stavovi prema demenciji DAS ljestvicom.Rezultati: Srednja razina stava na Koganovoj ljestvici je za 3,73 boda veća u odnosu na graničnu vrijednost 119. Ispitivanjem je utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između stava studenata zdravstvenog i nezdravstvenog usmjerenja (t=4,28; P<0,001). Znanje je ispitano Palmer ljestvicom znanja. Srednja razina znanja je 15,02 boda, te se kretala u rasponu od 1 do 23. Stav prema dementnosti je ispitan DAS ljestvicom. Povezanost starosne dobi i stavova o starenju i starijim osobama nije utvrđena (r=0,024; P=0,715), kao niti između dobi i Palmerove ljestvice (r=-0,114; P=0,083). Promjena stava prema demenciji nije povezana s pro-mjenom starosne dobi (r=0,060; P=0,364). Na DAS skali je veći zbroj za 2,39 bodova utvrđen kod ispitanih studentica u odnosu na ispitane studente (t=1,98; P=0,049). Ispitivanjem nije utvrđena prisutnost statistički značajne razlike s obzirom na spol (F=1,62; P=0,199). Ispitivanjem nije utvrđena prisutnost statistički značajne razlike s obzirom na mjesto stanovanja (F=0,20; P=0,819). Ispitivanjem nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika s obzirom na godinu studiranja (F=2,07; P=0,070). Srednja razina stava kod studenata s osobnim iskustvom života sa starijim osobama, mjerena svim trima ljestvicama, statistički nije značajna. Statistički značajan utjecaj je utvrđen kod čimbenika dobi. Godina studija se pozitivno održava na znanje; studenti viših godina studija bilježe porast znanja u prosjeku za 0,15 bodova na svakoj narednoj godini studija (P=0,041). Zaključci: Presječnom istraživanju pristupilo je 233 studenta zdravstvenih i nezdravstvenih studija. Stav studenata medicinskih usmjerenja pozitivnija je u tri kategorije ispitivanja: prema starenju i starijim osobama, te demenciji. Stav studenata nije različit s obzirom na demografska obilježja (dob, spol, boravište, godina studiranja). Nismo dokazali razlike u stavu studenata prema stare-nju s obzirom na iskustvo suživota sa starijom osobom. Stav prema starenju i demenciji potvrđuje da je znanje najvažniji čimbenik koji utječe na njegovo formiranje

ATTITUDES ABOUT VACCINATION AGAINST COVID–19 AMONG MEDICAL DOCTORS AND NURSES IN SPLIT-DALMATIA COUNTY

Uvod: Stavovi zdravstvenih djelatnika prema cijepljenju protiv bolesti COVID-19 su važan čimbenik u provođenju cijepljenja i pridobijanju neodlučnih građana koji se oklijevaju cijepiti. Medicinske sestre su veći dio svog radnog vremena od liječnika u kontaktu s pacijentima, pa su njihovi stavovi prema cijepljenju jako važni. Cilj rada bio je analizirati stavove zdravstvenih djelatnika o cijepljenju protiv COVID-19 prema spolu, dobi, stručnoj spremi/obrazovanju i obrazovanju roditelja na području Splitsko-dalmatinske županije. Metode: Korišten je anonimni, dobrovoljni anketni upitnik na koji je odgovorilo 396 zdravstvenih djelatnika. Ispitanici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine: liječnike i medicinske sestre. U uzorku su dominirale medicinske sestre kojih je bilo 319 (80,55 %). Za procjenu stavova korištena je Likertova ljestvica. Razlike između medicinskih sestara/tehničara i liječnika prema promatranim obilježjima ispitane su χ2 testom. Hipoteze su testirane T-testom i Anova testom s LSD post hoc testom, dok je normalnost razdiobe prethodno ispitana Kolmogorov-Smirnovim testom. Zavisnost je testirana χ2 testom. Rezultati i zaključak: Potvrđena je pretpostavka da medicinske sestre/tehničari imaju negativnije stavove prema cijepljenju od liječnika. Od svih ispitivanih čimbenika (životna dob, stupanj obrazovanja ispitanika, obrazovanje roditelja, strah od cijepljenja) jedino obrazovanje ispitanika ima utjecaja na pozitivan stav prema cijepljenju. Iako se činilo da obrazovanje oca i majke također ima utjecaja, naknadnim, post hoc testiranjem ta mogućnost nije potvrđena.Background: Attitudes of healthcare workers towards vaccination against COVID-19 represent an important factor in performing the vaccination, dealing with vaccine hesitancy and motivating the hesitant population. Medical nurses spend more working time than medical doctors in direct contact with patients, so their vaccination attitudes are very important. Objective of the study was to analyze the attitudes of healthcare workers in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia, towards vaccination against COVID-19, according to their occupation, gender, age, educational level, and educational level of their parents. Methods: An anonymous, voluntary survey questionnaire was completed by 396 health workers. The respondents were divided into two groups of medical doctors and nurses. The sample was predominated by medical nurses, with a total of 319 (80.55%) nurses. Likert scale was used for assessing the attitudes. Differences between medical nurses/technicians and doctors regarding the observed features were examined by use of the χ2-test. The hypothesis was validated through T-test and ANOVA test with the Least Significant Difference post hoc test, whereas the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was previously used to test normal data distribution. The dependence was checked through χ2 -test. Results and Conclusion: The hypothesis was confirmed, i.e., medical nurses/technicians have more negative attitudes towards vaccination than doctors. Of all included parameters (age, gender, educational level, parents’ educational level, fear of injections), only the respondents’ educational level positively affected the attitude towards vaccination. Although it initially seemed that the educational level of the respondents’ parents had effects on the vaccination attitudes, subsequent post hoc testing did not prove this possibility

Influence of Social Networks on self-esteem and Mental Health of Young People

Samopoštovanje je procjena vlastitog samopouzdanja u tri dimenzije: fizički izgled, romantična atraktivnost te sposobnost formiranja i održavanja bliskih prijateljstava. To je način na koji ljudi percipiraju vlastitu vrijednost i misle da su vrijedni drugima. Društvene mreže su medij na kojem imamo priliku oblikovati sliku o sebi stvaranjem jedinstvenih profila kako bismo prikazali željenu sliku o sebi. Pojedinci komuniciraju i angažiraju se u živote drugih ljudi pomoću slika koje su stvorili o njima, otkrivanjem osobnih detalja i stvaranja uvida u živote drugih. Upotreba društvenih mreža ima negativne i pozitivne učinke. Osobnost i razina samopoštovanja su utjecajni čimbenici komunikacije pojedinca s drugim ljudima.Self-esteem is an evaluation of a person’s own self-worth; comprising three-dimension: physical appearance, romantic attractiveness, and the ability to form and maintain close friendships. Self-esteem is the perception of how people perceive their own value well as their value to others. Social networks are media that provide the opportunity to shape a picture of ourselves by creating unique profiles to show the desired image of ourselves. Individuals communicate with other people through the images they have created about these people, discovering personal details and creating insights into the lives of others. The use of social networks haves negative and positive effects. Personality and self-esteem are influential factors of communication of the individual with other people