Combinatorial identities associated with new families of the numbers and polynomials and their approximation values

Recently, the numbers $Y_{n}(\lambda )$ and the polynomials $Y_{n}(x,\lambda)$ have been introduced by the second author [22]. The purpose of this paper is to construct higher-order of these numbers and polynomials with their generating functions. By using these generating functions with their functional equations and derivative equations, we derive various identities and relations including two recurrence relations, Vandermonde type convolution formula, combinatorial sums, the Bernstein basis functions, and also some well known families of special numbers and their interpolation functions such as the Apostol--Bernoulli numbers, the Apostol--Euler numbers, the Stirling numbers of the first kind, and the zeta type function. Finally, by using Stirling's approximation for factorials, we investigate some approximation values of the special case of the numbers $Y_{n}\left( \lambda \right)$.Comment: 17 page

A class of 3-dimensional contact metric manifolds

We classify the contact metric 3-manifolds that satisfy ||grad{\lambda}||=1 and \nabla_{{\xi}}{\tau}=2a{\tau}{\phi}.Comment: 12 pages, submitte

On Slant Riemannian Submersions For Cosymplectic Manifolds

In this paper we introduce slant Riemannian submersions from cosymplectic manifolds onto Riemannian manifolds. We obtain some results on slant Riemannian submersions of a cosymplectic manifolds. We also give examples and inequalities between the scalar curvature and squared mean curvature of fibres of such slant submersions according to characteristic vector field is vertical or horizontal.Comment: 20 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1309.248

Pakistan, politics and political business cycles

This paper studies whether in Pakistan the dynamic behavior of unemployment, inflation, budget deficit and real GDP growth is systematically affected by the timing of elections. We cover the period from 1973-2009. Our results can be summarized as follows: 1. Unemployment tends to be lower in pre-election periods and tends to increase immediately after elections, perhaps as a result of politically motivated employment schemes. 2. In ation tend to be lower in preelection periods, perhaps as a result of pre-electoral price regulation. 3. We find election year increases in the governmental budget deficit, financed by heavy government borrowings from the central bank and banking sector. 4. Real GDP growth and real governmental investment growth declines during pre and post election terms. --Opportunistic Political Business Cycle,Fiscal Policy,Macroeconomics,Elections,Asia,Pakistan

Bread, peace and the attrition of power: Economic events and German election results

Aggregate votes for incumbent parties in post-war Germany were determined by the weighted-average growth of real per capita disposable income. Each percentage point of per capita real disposable income growth sustained over the legislative term yielded approximately two percentage points of votes in Germany. No other economic variables add value or significantly perturb the coefficients of our model. However, attrition of power reduced the vote share in election years 1961, 1994 and 1998. --bread and peace model,elections,vote share,real per capita disposable income growth

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Efficiency and Coordination in an Open-Economy General Equilibrium Model with Three Production Sectors.

The paper analyzes monetary and fiscal policy efficiency and coordination in a stochastic new open economy macroeconomics (NOEM) model with three production sectors. Some or all of these sectors can be affected by unanticipated productivity shocks which can trigger monetary and fiscal policy reactions. The uncertainty over the shocks can be symmetric or asymmetric across the two countries. The paper first aims to assess the capacity of fiscal and monetary policy to reduce or eliminate the negative effects of unanticipated productivity shocks. Second, it evaluates the possible gains from international monetary cooperation as well as the impact of active fiscal policy on monetary policy efficiency. The results show that monetary and fiscal policies are efficient tools of stabilization and under several conditions they can replicate the flexible-price equilibrium. However, their efficiency is not necessarily increased when both monetary and fiscal policies react to shocks at the national level. The existence of bilateral gains from monetary cooperation depends on the degree of asymmetry concerning the uncertainty over the shocks. In case of high asymmetry, monetary cooperation can be counter-productive either for the home or for the foreign country.Stabilization, international policy cooperation, monetary policy, fiscal policy.