Search for Photon-Photon Elastic Scattering in the X-ray Region

We report the first results of a search for real photon-photon scattering using X rays. A novel system is developed to split and collide X-ray pulses by applying interferometric techniques. A total of $6.5\times10^{5}$ pulses (each containing about $10^{11}$ photons) from an X-ray Free-Electron Laser are injected into the system. No scattered events are observed, and an upper limit of $1.7\times 10^{-24}$ ${\rm m^{2}}$ (95% C.L.) is obtained on the photon-photon elastic scattering cross section at 6.5 keV

Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Peat Soils Cultivated to Rice Field, Oil Palm and Vegetable

Presently, about 20% of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) fields in Indonesia are on peat soil, in addition to that otherarea of peat soil has been conventionally used for rice field and vegetables. To elucidate the global warmingpotentials of peat soils cultivated to oil palm, vegetable or rice field, field experiment has been carried out in SouthKalimantan. Air samples were taken from rice field, oil palm and vegetable fields in weekly basis for six month periodand analyzed for concentrations of N2O, CH4 and CO2. The global warming potentials (GWP) of the three gases werecalculated by multiplying the emission of each gas with their respective mole warming potential. This step wasfollowed by the addition of the three gases’ GWP to have the total GWP. The results showed that the emissions ofgreenhouse gases from peat soils changed seasonally and varied with the crops cultivated. Oil palm has resultedthe highest GWP, mostly contributed by N2O. There was no statistical different in total GWP of paddy andvegetable fields. The annual N2O emission from oil palm field was 4,582 g N ha-1 yr-1. Water, nutrients and organicmatter managements are among the potential techniques to minimize gas emissions from oil palm field which needfield trials.[How to Cite: Hadi A, L Fatah, Syaifuddin, Abdullah, DN Affandi, RA Bakar and K Inubushi. 2012. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Peat Soils Cultivated to Rice Field, Oil Palm and Vegetable. J Trop Soils 17 (2) : 105-114. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.105][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.105

Coherent Acoustic Perturbation of Second-Harmonic-Generation in NiO

We investigate the structural and magnetic origins of the unusual ultrafast second-harmonicgeneration (SHG) response of femtosecond-laser-excited nickel oxide (NiO) previously attributed to oscillatory reorientation dynamics of the magnetic structure induced by d-d excitations. Using time-resolved x-ray diffraction from the (3/2 3/2 3/2) magnetic planes, we show that changes in the magnitude of the magnetic structure factor following ultrafast optical excitation are limited to $\Delta/$ = 1.5% in the first 30 ps. An extended investigation of the ultrafast SHG response reveals a strong dependence on wavelength as well as characteristic echoes, both of which give evidence for an acoustic origin of the dynamics. We therefore propose an alternative mechanism for the SHG response based on perturbations of the nonlinear susceptibility via optically induced strain in a spatially confined medium. In this model, the two observed oscillation periods can be understood as the times required for an acoustic strain wave to traverse one coherence length of the SHG process in either the collinear or anti-collinear geometries.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figure

Damage threshold investigation using grazing incidence irradiation by hard X-ray free electron laser

T. Koyama, H. Yumoto, K. Tono, T. Sato, T. Togashi, Y. Inubushi, T. Katayama, J. Kim, S. Matsuyama, H. Mimura, M. Yabashi, K. Yamauchi, and H. Ohashi "Damage threshold investigation using grazing incidence irradiation by hard x-ray free electron laser", Proc. SPIE 8848, Advances in X-Ray/EUV Optics and Components VIII, 88480T (27 September 2013); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2025377

Predictive Value of PERCIST for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Preoperative Induction Therapy – A Multicenter Study in Japan

Katsuhiko Shimizu,1 Masao Nakata,1 Shinsuke Saisho,1 Masayuki Inubushi,2 Norihito Okumura,3 Tomohiro Murakawa,4 Motohiro Yamashita,5 Hiroshige Nakamura,6 Yoshifumi Sano,7 Kazuhiko Kataoka,8 Shinichi Toyooka9 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan; 2Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan; 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan; 4Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; 5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan; 6Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago, Japan; 7Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan; 8Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Iwakuni Clinical Center, Iwakuni, Japan; 9Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, JapanCorrespondence: Katsuhiko Shimizu, Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan, Tel +81-86-462-1124, Fax +81-86-464-1124, Email [email protected]: Induction therapy followed by surgery is recommended as an alternative treatment strategy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients who achieve pathologic response after induction therapy have better outcomes than non-responders; therefore, therapeutic response must be evaluated. Recently, new approaches for monitoring therapeutic responses, which are based on 18F‐Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), have been developed. In this study, we evaluated the predictive value of Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST), which uses standardized uptake values corrected for lean body mass (SUL) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG).Methods: A total of 130 patients in the Setouchi Lung Cancer Group who underwent FDG-PET imaging before and after induction therapy prior to a planned surgical resection for NSCLC between 2007 and 2016 were studied retrospectively. The pathologic responses of the primary lung tumors and metastatic lymph nodes were compared with their responses based on evaluation using PERCIST.Results: Postoperative pathologic studies revealed pathologic complete response (pCR) in 42 (32.3%) patients. PERCIST was significantly correlated with pathologic response (p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PERCIST for predicting pCR were 16.7% (7/42), 88.6% (78/88), and 65.4% (85/130), respectively. Patients with pCR had significantly higher reduction rates in SULpeak for both primary lung tumors and metastatic lymph nodes and TLG for primary tumors than non-responders. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, tumor site in upper lobes, reduction rate of TLG in primary tumor, and pathologic N0 were independent predictors of favorable recurrence-free survival (RFS).Conclusion: Our study suggested that PERCIST, especially the rate of TLG reduction rate, are useful to predict the pathological response and prognosis after induction therapy. Although improvement is necessary, PERCIST can be a promising method of the post-induction status in lung cancer. Further research is needed to confirm our findings.Keywords: non-small cell lung cancer, FDG PET, PERCIST, SUL, TL

Single-shot 3D coherent diffractive imaging of core-shell nanoparticles with elemental specificity

We report 3D coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) of Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles with 6.1 nm spatial resolution with elemental specificity. We measured single-shot diffraction patterns of the nanoparticles using intense x-ray free electron laser pulses. By exploiting the curvature of the Ewald sphere and the symmetry of the nanoparticle, we reconstructed the 3D electron density of 34 core-shell structures from these diffraction patterns. To extract 3D structural information beyond the diffraction signal, we implemented a super-resolution technique by taking advantage of CDI&apos;s quantitative reconstruction capabilities. We used high-resolution model fitting to determine the Au core size and the Pd shell thickness to be 65.0 +/- 1.0 nm and 4.0 +/- 0.5 nm, respectively. We also identified the 3D elemental distribution inside the nanoparticles with an accuracy of 3%. To further examine the model fitting procedure, we simulated noisy diffraction patterns from a Au/Pd core-shell model and a solid Au model and confirmed the validity of the method. We anticipate this super-resolution CDI method can be generally used for quantitative 3D imaging of symmetrical nanostructures with elemental specificity.111Ysciescopu

Generation of Intense Phase-Stable Femtosecond Hard X-ray Pulse Pairs

Coherent nonlinear spectroscopies and imaging in the X-ray domain provide direct insight into the coupled motions of electrons and nuclei with resolution on the electronic length and time scale. The experimental realization of such techniques will strongly benefit from access to intense, coherent pairs of femtosecond X-ray pulses. We have observed phase-stable X-ray pulse pairs containing more thank 3 x 10e7 photons at 5.9 keV (2.1 Angstrom) with about 1 fs duration and 2-5 fs separation. The highly directional pulse pairs are manifested by interference fringes in the superfluorescent and seeded stimulated manganese K-alpha emission induced by an X-ray free-electron laser. The fringes constitute the time-frequency X-ray analogue of the Young double-slit interference allowing for frequency-domain X-ray measurements with attosecond time resolution.Comment: 39 pages, 13 figures, to be publishe

Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils

We have observed the lattice expansion before the onset of compression in an optical-laser-driven target, using diffraction of femtosecond X-ray beams generated by the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free-electron Laser. The change in diffraction angle provides a direct measure of the lattice spacing, allowing the density to be calculated with a precision of ±1%. From the known equation of state relations, this allows an estimation of the temperature responsible for the expansion as <1000 K. The subsequent ablation-driven compression was observed with a clear rise in density at later times. This demonstrates the feasibility of studying the dynamics of preheating and shock formation with unprecedented detail.N. J. Hartley, N. Ozaki, T. Matsuoka, B. Albertazzi, A. Faenov, Y. Fujimoto, H. Habara, M. Harmand, Y. Inubushi, T. Katayama, M. Koenig, A. Krygier, P. Mabey, Y. Matsumura, S. Matsuyama, E. E. McBride, K. Miyanishi, G. Morard, T. Okuchi, T. Pikuz, O. Sakata, Y. Sano, T. Sato, T. Sekine, Y. Seto, K. Takahashi, K. A. Tanaka, Y. Tange, T. Togashi, Y. Umeda, T. Vinci, M. Yabashi, T. Yabuuchi, K. Yamauchi, and R. Kodama , "Ultrafast observation of lattice dynamics in laser-irradiated gold foils", Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 071905 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976541