Planning and managing a seismic emergency: The INGV drill of November 26th, 2015 carried out in the framework of the activity line T5 "Seismic surveillance and post-earthquake operational procedures" | Pianificazione e gestione di un'emergenza sismica: Esercitazione INGV del 26 novembre 2015 effettuata nell'ambito della Linea di Attività T5 "Sorveglianza sismica e operatività post terremoto"

Nella Struttura Terremoti dell’INGV la Linea di Attività T5 “Sorveglianza sismica ed operatività postterremoto” si occupa delle attività di sviluppo di strumenti e procedure per la valutazione in tempo reale degli effetti di terremoti e tsunami e della gestione delle emergenze sismiche. Uno dei suoi obiettivi del 2015 era la formalizzazione dei protocolli di intervento di Gruppi d’Emergenza, avvenuta per Emergeo, Emersito, IES, QUEST e Sismiko con Decreto del Presidente nel luglio 2015. Altro obiettivo era l’elaborazione di un Protocollo di Ente per la gestione delle emergenze sismiche. La bozza preparata nel 2015 prevede l’importante novità dell’Unità di Crisi, mai formalizzata in precedenza. Attraverso questo Protocollo di Ente si auspica di migliorare la risposta logistico-operativa dell’INGV durante l’emergenza, di avere una più rapida conoscenza del fenomeno in corso e di realizzare un’efficace comunicazione verso Protezione Civile, media e pubblico. Per verificare il tutto è stata organizzata un’esercitazione in cui è stato simulato un terremoto di magnitudo 6.4 nel basso Lazio. Si sono così sperimentate l’efficacia del flusso azioni/informazioni durante un’emergenza, il funzionamento dell’Unità di Crisi, la funzionalità dei protocolli dei Gruppi d’Emergenza, l’efficienza delle attività in sede per gli aspetti tecnico-logistici, il flusso di comunicazione interno e le comunicazioni istituzionali esterne (queste ultime simulate). In questo articolo sono descritte le fasi di organizzazione ed attuazione dell’esercitazione. Inoltre, durante il suo svolgimento, la valutazione dell’efficacia dell’organizzazione e delle attività svolte dai gruppi coinvolti è stata affidata ad alcuni osservatori e qui è allegata l’elaborazione dei commenti riportati. Abbiamo fatto infine una sintesi dei risultati positivi e delle criticità emerse dall’esercitazione, attività così importante a nostro avviso da considerarne indispensabile la ripetizione con cadenza quanto meno annuale.Published1SR. TERREMOTI - Servizi e ricerca per la SocietàN/A or not JCRope

Textbook outcome in urgent early cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis: results post hoc of the S.P.Ri.M.A.C.C study

Introduction: A textbook outcome patient is one in which the operative course passes uneventful, without complications, readmission or mortality. There is a lack of publications in terms of TO on acute cholecystitis. Objetive: The objective of this study is to analyze the achievement of TO in patients with urgent early cholecystectomy (UEC) for Acute Cholecystitis. and to identify which factors are related to achieving TO. Materials and methods: This is a post hoc study of the SPRiMACC study. It ́s a prospective multicenter observational study run by WSES. The criteria to define TO in urgent early cholecystectomy (TOUEC) were no 30-day mortality, no 30-day postoperative complications, no readmission within 30 days, and hospital stay ≤ 7 days (75th percentile), and full laparoscopic surgery. Patients who met all these conditions were taken as presenting a TOUEC. Outcomes: 1246 urgent early cholecystectomies for ACC were included. In all, 789 patients (63.3%) achieved all TOUEC parameters, while 457 (36.6%) failed to achieve one or more parameters and were considered non-TOUEC. The patients who achieved TOUEC were younger had significantly lower scores on all the risk scales analyzed. In the serological tests, TOUEC patients had lower values for in a lot of variables than non-TOUEC patients. The TOUEC group had lower rates of complicated cholecystitis. Considering operative time, a shorter duration was also associated with a higher probability of reaching TOUEC. Conclusion: Knowledge of the factors that influence the TOUEC can allow us to improve our results in terms of textbook outcome

The mechanism of the antidiuretic effect of sauvagine in rats

Methanol extracts of the skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei, a South American hylid frog, contain an active polypeptide, sauvagine, which has been isolated in a pure form and shown to be constituted by a straight chain of 40 amino acid residues. The polypeptide displayed in the rat an intense hypotensive action, that is probably the main cause of the intense antidiuresis observed in hydrated rats. The reduction in urine volume was accompanied by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, and by an increase in tubular sodium and potassium reabsorption and in plasma aldosterone concentration

Spinal Antinociceptive Effects of [d-ala2]deltorphin-ii, A Novel and Highly Selective Delta-opioid Receptor Agonist

Pharmacological assays in isolated tissues and binding tests have recently shown that two peptides, with the sequence Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Asp-(or Glu)-Val-Val-Gly-NH2, isolated from skin extracts of Phyllomedusa bicolor and named [D-Ala2]deltorphin I and II, respectively, possess a higher affinity and selectivity for delta-opioid receptors than any other known natural compound. Since much evidence supports the role of spinal delta-opioid sites in producing antinociceptive effects, we investigated whether analgesia might be detected by direct spinal cord administration of [D-Ala2]deltorphin II (DADELT II) in the rat. The thermal antinociceptive effects of intrathecal DADELT II and dermorphin, a potent mu-selective agonist, were compared at different postinjection times by means of the tail-flick test. The DADELT II produced a dose-related inhibition of the tail-flick response, which lasted 10-60 min depending on the dose and appeared to be of shorter duration than the analgesia produced in rats after intrathecal injection of dermorphin (20-120 min). The analgesic effect of infused or injected DADELT II was completely abolished by naltrindole, the highly selective delta antagonist. These results confirm the involvement of delta receptors in spinal analgesic activity in the rat

CROSS-TOLERANCE BETWEEN DERMORPHIN AND MORPHINE TO ANALGESIA AND CATALEPSY IN RATS

Rats were made tolerant to dermorphin or to morphine by continuous ICV infusion of these drugs. Tolerance to the analgesic effect was assessed by evaluating the shift of the ED50 of dermorphin or morphine in dermorphin-infused or in morphine-infused animal respectively, after single doses of these opioids. Tolerance to catalepsy was revealed with the significant reduction of this effect after single ICV dose of morphine in morphine-infused and dermorphin in dermorphin-infused rats. Both dermorphin and morphine induced tolerance to the analgesic and cataleptic effects. Acute administration (SC and ICV) of morphine in DER-tolerant rats induced a significant decrease of the analgesic and cataleptic effects of this opioid, showing the onset of cross-tolerance between morphine and dermorphin. Acute injections of dermorphin (ICV) in MOR-tolerant rats, while significantly decreasing its analgesic potency, indicating the development of cross-tolerance, did not modify the cataleptic response to the peptide, showing that no cross-tolerance was present to this effect

Distribution and metabolism of dermorphin in rats

Dermorphin distribution and metabolism were studied in rats injected with high doses of the peptide and with 125I-dermorphin, using RIA methods, HPLC extraction and γ-counting. Dermorphin rapidly disappeared from plasma (half-life: 1.3 min). In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that the peptide was destroyed in liver and kidney. The highest percent (11%) of injected dermorphin has been found in the bile collected over 1 hour. HPLC analysis showed that bile contained also breakdown products (di, tri, and tetra N-terminal peptide fragments). Reported data suggested that intact dermorphin can be eliminated more slowly than breakdown products