Low-wage jobs: a means for employment integration of the unemployed? : evidence from administrative data in Germany and Austria

"Does the low wage sector serve as a stepping stone towards integration into better-paid jobs or at least towards integration of jobless people into employment? There is evidence for a 'low-wage trap' and for a high risk of low-wage earners to get unemployed, but this may also be due to sorting effects and not to low-wage work itself. The present paper contributes to this debate analysing employment spells of male low-wage earners who had been unemployed before, with methods of continuous-time event history analysis. The present data have been retrieved from two large administrative micro-data sources: the IAB employment sample (IABS) for Germany, and a combination of social security data from the Austrian Social Insurance Institutions. Two possible exits of low-wage spells are focused on: exits to higher-paid employment (upward mobility vs. persistence), and exits to unemployment ('no pay-low pay cycle'). The results show shorter spell durations in Austria, pointing to a considerably higher fluctuation and labour turnover in the Austrian labour market. The influence of individual and firm-related characteristics and of the individual unemployment history on exit probabilities and the role of duration dependence in both countries is investigated. With regard to upward mobility, no convincing evidence for 'true' duration dependence is found, at least for Germany. As to the risk of falling back into unemployment, the results suggest that even low-wage workers can accumulate job-related human capital favouring employment integration over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))Geringverdiener, Niedriglohn, erwerbstätige Männer, arbeitslose Männer, berufliche Integration, Berufsverlauf - internationaler Vergleich, Arbeitslosigkeit, beruflicher Aufstieg, labour turnover, Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer, Beschäftigungsdauer, Österreich, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Counseling and Psychotherapy Within and Across Faith Traditions (Chapter 17 in The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Spirituality)

This chapter begins with general considerations for religiously and spiritually oriented psychotherapy, including the importance of seeing religion and spirituality as d.imensions of cultural diversity, considering clients\u27 welfare and autonomy, and maintaining competence. Three types of religious and spiritual intervention approaches are then discussed: assimilative, accommodative, and collaborative. Assimilative approaches introduce spiritual interventions or considerations into a standard psychotherapy approach. Accommodative approaches involve adapting a standard psychotherapy regimen to include religious or spiritual matters. Collaborative approaches entail a mental health professional and religious leader working in tandem for the sake of clients\u27 welfare. Next, specific issues related to counseling within (when the client and counselor share the same beliefs) and across (when the client and counselor hold differing beliefs) faith traditions are offered. The chapter concludes with some thoughts regarding future directions of religious and spiritual interventions in counseling and psychotherapy

What effects does international mobility have on scientists' careers? A systematic review

The internationalization and specialization of science confront scientists with opportunities and sometimes even a need to become internationally mobile during their careers. Against this background, we systematically reviewed empirical studies on the effects that mobility across national borders has on the careers of scientists. Using several search channels, we identified 96 studies - published between 1994 and 2019 - that examine how international mobility influences eight dimensions of scientists’ careers. Listed in descending order of the number of identified studies, these dimensions comprise scientists’ (1) international networks, (2) scientific productivity, (3) occupational situation, (4) scientific impact, (5) competences and personality, (6) scientific knowledge, (7) access to research infrastructures and funds, and (8) symbolic capital. Existing research provides robust evidence of positive effects of international mobility on the broadening of scientists' networks. Moreover, several solid studies examine the effect of international mobility on scientists’ productivity, impact, and occupational situation. Most of them find positive effects, but some also find no or negative effects. Studies on the other career dimensions are not only less frequent, but mostly also less robust. Our review reveals potential to advance research in the field by using less selective samples and more rigorous methodological approaches. Intending to spur further theory-driven empirical research, we develop a model integrating research on the identified career dimensions and derive various questions for future research. We conclude by highlighting policy implications of existing research

Developing a design methodology for the construction of hypertext and hypermedia, with particular reference to hypertext electronic prospectuses

Use and development of hypertext-based documents is becoming more widespread in both industry and die academic world. This has obvious implications for the design of hypertext documents. The hypertext designer has been relatively ignored until recently, with attention largely focused on the quality of the hypertext rather than support for the designer. Recent hypertext design methodologies, such as that described by Isakowitz et al. (1995) have made a useful contribution, but are oriented towards designers with a background in computing science and related professions. This research addresses this problem by the development of a design methodology which is intended to be accessible to the general author. The design methodology was based on three sources of data: a taxonomy of existing design guidance, including a range of principles and guidelines and previous design methodologies for hypertext; hypertext versions of a higher education college prospectus, and a case study of a CD-ROM higher education prospectus. This material was assembled and synthesised to produce a provisional design methodology that is positioned between existing design methodologies such as Relationship Management Methodology (Isakowitz et al 1995) and Object-Oriented Hypermedia Design Method (Schwabe et al 1995), which are influenced by software engineering and database design concepts, and other less formal descriptions of the hypertext design process. The design methodology supports and encourages iterative methods of working, and includes supporting documentation and pro formas designed to encourage a thorough approach to hypertext design

Report No. 31: The Role of Social Protection as an Economic Stabiliser: Lessons from the Current Crisis

Report based on a study conducted for the European Parliament, Bonn 2010 (188 pages)

Report No. 24: Analysis of the Social Agendas

Study conducted for the European Parliament, Bonn 2010 (135 pages)

Low-wage jobs: a means for employment integration of the unemployed; evidence from administrative data in Germany and Austria

"Können Niedriglohnjobs für Arbeitslose als Sprungbrett in besser bezahlte Tätigkeiten oder zumindest als Brücke in eine dauerhafte Beschäftigungsintegration fungieren? Zwar deuten empirische Befunde auf die Existenz einer "Niedriglohnfalle" und auf ein hohes Risiko von Geringverdienern hin, arbeitslos zu werden, aber das kann auch an Sortiereffekten liegen und nicht an Niedriglohnbeschäftigung per se. Wir möchten einen Beitrag zu dieser Thematik leisten und analysieren Beschäftigungsepisoden von männlichen Niedriglohnbeziehern, die zuvor arbeitslos gewesen waren, mit Methoden der Ereignisanalyse. Unsere Daten stammen aus zwei großen administrativen Mikro-Datensätzen: der IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe (IABS) und kombinierten Daten der Sozialversicherungsträger und der Arbeitsverwaltung in Österreich. Wir untersuchen zwei mögliche alternative Beendigungen von Niedriglohn-Beschäftigungsepisoden: zum einen Übergänge in besser bezahlte Beschäftigung und zum anderen Rückkehr in Arbeitslosigkeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Niedriglohnepisoden in Österreich kürzer als in Deutschland sind, was auf eine höhere Arbeitskräftefluktuation in Österreich hindeutet. Wir untersuchen den Einfluss von individuellen und firmenbezogenen Merkmalen und der vorhergehenden individuellen Arbeitsmarktbiographie auf die Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten sowie den Einfluss der Dauerabhängigkeit in beiden Ländern. Im Hinblick auf die Aufstiegschancen in besser bezahlte Jobs finden wir keine überzeugende Evidenz für "echte" negative Dauerabhängigkeit, zumindest in Deutschland. Ferner deuten unsere Befunde darauf hin, dass auch Niedriglohnbeschäftigte Humankapital akkumulieren können und somit ihr Rückkehrrisiko in Arbeitslosigkeit im Zeitverlauf vermindern können." (Autorenreferat)"Does the low wage sector serve as a stepping stone towards integration into betterpaid jobs or at least towards integration of jobless people into employment? There is evidence for a "low-wage trap" and for a high risk of low-wage earners to get unemployed, but this may also be due to sorting effects and not to low-wage work itself. We want to contribute to this debate and analyse employment spells of male lowwage earners, who had been unemployed before, with methods of continuous-time event history analysis. Our data have been retrieved from two large administrative micro-data sources: The IAB employment sample (IABS) for Germany, and a combination of social security data from the Austrian Social Insurance Institutions with information on registered unemployment from the public employment service for Austria. We focus on two possible exits of low-wage spells: Exits to higher-paid employment (upward mobility vs. persistence), and exits to unemployment ("no-paylow-pay cycle"). The results show shorter spell durations in Austria, pointing to a considerably higher fluctuation and labour turnover in the Austrian labour market. We investigate the influence of individual and firm-related characteristics and of the individual unemployment history on exit probabilities and the role of duration dependence in both countries. With regard to upward mobility, we find no convincing evidence for "true" duration dependence, at least for Germany. As to the risk of falling back into unemployment, our results suggest that even low-wage workers can accumulate job-related human capital favouring employment integration over time." (author's abstract