Modelling of wire-arc additive manufacturing – A review

This paper is focused on wire-arc additive manufacturing and has a twofold objective. First, to deliver an overall state-of-the-art review of the different aspects of modelling. Second, to provide a detailed analysis of the macro-scale finite element modelling. The methodology draws from the fundamentals of the macro, meso and micro-scale modelling of the process, to the main strategies and objectives behind the development of analytical, statistical, machine learning and finite element analyses of macro-scale modelling. The intention is to provide information on the pre-processing requirements, solution techniques and results that are currently being worked on by some of the leading researchers in the field. This will enable readers to understand the main challenges, relevance, and assumptions of the different published works. The theoretical and numerical aspects are intentionally kept in a clear and understandable level so that users of finite element computer programs having the know-how on wire-arc additive manufacturing can bridge the actual gap to the developers of the programs

A software for research and education in ductile damage

This paper gives insight into the development and utilization of a computer software that uses raw experimental data from the load cells and DIC systems to obtain the instant of time at fracture tf, the loading paths in principal strain space ε1=f(ε2), and their conversion into the space of effective strain vs. stress triaxiality ε‾=f(η). Special emphasis is given to the different assumptions and stress triaxiality measures that can be used to convert the loading paths from principal strain space into the space of effective strain vs. stress triaxiality. Results for double-action radial extrusion show the differences of treating the loading paths as linear or non-linear from beginning until the onset of failure by fracture. Results also allow concluding on the importance of accounting for the stress triaxiality derived from individual experimental measurements in an average sense over the entire loading paths, to avoid overestimation and mislocation of the fracture forming limits. The applicability of the software for education and training of students in formability is also discussed