Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

ELABORAÇÃO DE ORGANOGRAMAS SISTÊMICOS PARA PECUÁRIA BOVINA COM ÊNFASE NAS CADEIAS DE SUPRIMENTO E DE PRODUÇÃO EM UMA COOPERATIVA DE LEITE DO CARIRI PARAIBANO

A cadeia produtiva do leite é uma das quatro maiores do agro brasileiro. A distribuição da cadeia se enquadra em quatro categorias: primeiramente os fornecedores, os quais fornecem insumos, máquinas e equipamentos aos produtores; em segundo estão os produtores rurais, que podem ser divididos em especializados e não especializados; em terceiro a indústria, a qual influencia significativamente na cadeia, já que tem o papel de coletar o produto junto aos produtores e ao mesmo tempo distribuí-los aos varejistas, supermercados e padarias, os quais são considerados o quarto e último elo na categoria deste sistema agroindustrial

Clinical, Hematologica And Molecular Characterization Of Sickle Cell Disease Pediatric Patients From Two Different Regions Of Brazil

Sickle cell disease is a Public Health problem in Brazil where hemoglobin S has been found in a frequency of 6.9 to 15.4%. At the present, we compare clinical, hematological and molecular data from pédiatrie sickle cell patients from Sao Paulo (SP), the biggest sate of Brazil, located at the Southeast and Bahia (BA), at the Northeast, with the highest rate of race admixture and a high African compound. We analyzed Vlsickle cell patients (31 from SP and 40 BA).Hematological parameters were measured in a Coulter Count T-890 and hemoglobin background were identified by eletrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips and agar citrate, pH5,3 and Hb A2 and fetal quantification. The molecular analysis of beta -globin haplotypes was performed by DNA digestion with four different restriction enzymes (XmnI, Hindlll, Hindi and Hinfl) relating to six polymorphic sites. Alphathalassemia 2 (alpha-tha!2) was investigated by Southern Blotting technique by DNA digestion with Bam HI and Bgl II restriction enzymes. The number of hospitalization by vaso-oclusive and or infection episodes, stroke and cholelithiasis were investigated. Statistical analysis were performed by the t student test. Spearman correlation coeficient, [ ]2 and Man-Whitney tests. Ours results did not find hematological difference from the two groups studied. Patients from SP had more stroke episodes (16.1%) than those from BA (5%). Sao Paulo had a higher periods of hospitalization by vaso-occlusive episodes (3.9 days) than BA (1.8 days) and also more cholelithiasis (22.6% in SP and 13.1% in BA). Differently of BA, the two groups of patients from SP, alfa-tha!2 carriers and normal alfa-genes presented stroke episodes, in a frequency of 14.9% and 12.5% respectively. Normal alpha-genes patients from SP had more vaso-occlusive hospitalization (4.9%) than the same BA patients group (0.62%). The BEN haplotype predominates in Salvador and the CAR in SP. The data suggest that BA sickle cell pédiatrie patients studied here, probably suggest severe clinical evolution when compared to SP patients, demonstrating a need of further similar studies from different sickle anemia population.9611 PART I