Efecto del cambio climático sobre la producción y calidad de las bayas de dos variedades de vid (Vitis vinifera L.), Tempranillo blanco y tinto

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un aumento en los niveles de CO2 atmosférico y de temperatura, y un descenso en la disponibilidad hídrica, sobre la producción y calidad de la baya de dos variedades de vid (Vitis vinifera L.), Tempranillo blanco y tinto. Para ello, estaquillas fructíferas de vid fueron expuestas desde cuajado hasta madurez, en invernaderos de gradiente térmico, a ocho tratamientos resultantes de la combinación de: (i) dos niveles de CO2 (ambiente, ca. 390 ppm vs 700 ppm), (ii) dos temperaturas (ambiente vs ambiente + 4ºC) y (iii) dos disponibilidades hídricas (riego vs sequía cíclica). Tempranillo tinto presentó un mayor tamaño del racimo y un mayor número de bayas por racimo, así como una menor riqueza fenólica, en relación a la variedad blanca. Las combinación de CO2 elevado, temperatura elevada y déficit hídrico no modificó significativamente la producción de uva ni el tamaño de la baya en ninguno de los cultivares estudiados. En relación a la calidad de la baya, las condiciones de cambio climático redujeron el índice de polifenoles totales (IPT) y la concentración de ácido málico, y aumentaron los niveles de tartárico en Tempranillo tinto, no viéndose afectados ni la concentración de antocianinas ni la coloración de la baya. En Tempranillo blanco, las condiciones de cambio climático disminuyeron la concentración de ácido tartárico. La variedad tinta mostró una mayor vulnerabilidad a las condiciones de cambio climático, con respecto a la blanca. Los efectos individuales de cada uno de los factores estudiados sobre la producción y calidad de la uva se vieron modulados cuando los factores fueron aplicados en combinación

Unemployment benefits : discursive convergence, distant realities

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004Unemployment protection systems have certain characteristics in common in Argentina, Uruguay, Spain and Italy: they are compulsory and contributory-proportional, although in Uruguay, it also has a capitalisation supplement. Despite the similarities, they work differently because the context of informal employment chiefly, and unemployment, low salaries and precariousness differ greatly. Consequently, the unemployment protection coverage rate varies. Theories of the Active Welfare State, the Investor State and the reforms of unemployment protection systems have led to a certain modernising language being adopted in these countries: activation, employability, conditionality, lifelong learning, flexibility, which are, among others, words shared with Europe. However, the meanings of these words differ according to the institutional context of each country. In Latin America the welfare state is low institutionalised even almost non-existent, while in Europe it is a diverse institution. Despite this, the four countries share an upward trend in benefit policies, in accordance with the increase in poverty risk

ELECTRIC FIELD ALIGNMENT OF MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES THROUGH CURING OF AN EPOXY MATRIX

The electrical alignment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in an epoxy resin was studied through curing using electrical measurements and optical microscopy. The epoxy system was composed by diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and 4,4?-methylene bis-(3-chloro 2,6-diethylaniline). Long multi-walled carbon nanotubes were ultrasonically mixed with epoxy resin to form a 0.01 wt% MWCNT mixture. Samples were cured with alternating current electric fields applying different AC voltages. The electrical conductivity of the composite increased upon applied voltage as higher alignment of carbon nanotubes was achieved. The enhanced alignment was visualized by optical microscopy. Improvements in capacitance behaviour were also achieved with the highest value of current field.Fil: Ramos, A.. University of the Basque Country; EspañaFil: Esposito, L.. University of the Basque Country; EspañaFil: Kortaberria, G.. University of the Basque Country; EspañaFil: Fernandez Darlas, B.. University of the Basque Country; EspañaFil: Zalakain, I.. University of the Basque Country; EspañaFil: Goyanes, Silvia Nair. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Mondragon, I.. University of the Basque Country; Españ

Characterization of two iron bullets from the royal ammunition factory of Eugi (Spain)

In this work, a comparative analysis of two iron bullets found in The Royal Ammunition Factory of Eugi in Navarra (Spain) was performed. Both bullets presented a spherical shape with a relatively good state of preservation, belonging to the last years of the factory production (1766-1850). Several techniques such as microhardness, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical mission spectroscopy (OES) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were used in order to identify the manufacturing process of the two bullets. The analyses of the microstructures carried out by LM and SEM showed that one bullet was composed of white cast iron with a pearlitic matrix, steadite and graphite; while the other was composed of grey cast iron with a pearlitic matrix, graphite and a low amount of steadite. The chemical analysis of the bullets carried out by OES indicated significant differences in the amount of silicon and phosphorous. The variation in silicon content could suggest that the foundry temperature under oxidizing environment varied during the casting. The SEM and EDX analyses showed both bullets had manganese sulphide inclusions but only one of the bullets exhibited titanium and vanadium inclusions. The microhardness analyses carried out revealed Vickers hardness differences along the diameter. This variation could be explained by the differences in cooling rate along the diameter. Based on the physical characteristics of the bullets and on the obtained results, it can be concluded that one of the bullets could have been used as a grapeshot projectile and the other one as a bullet for ribauldequins. In addition, calcined ore and slag found in this factory were also analysed. The variation found in their chemical composition corroborated that the foundry temperature employed during the manufacturing process was low, the slag being enriched in Si, Al and Mn elements