Stromal Vascular Fraction: Biology and Application Outlook

Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a heterogeneous cell extract obtained with enzymatic dissociation of adipose tissue followed by centrifugation. This population includes many different cell types, i.a. adipose tissue stem cells (ATSCs), vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and their precursors, pericytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, etc., excluding mature adipocytes. The main SVF component is ATSCs capable of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation. Since early research on SVF, an extensive effort has been aimed at understanding its clinical applications promoting a significant progress in the SVF use for treatment of various diseases and injuries. The past decade has witnessed an upward publication trend in basic and clinical research into the SVF therapeutic value. Manifold methods and devices for the SVF isolation from human liposuction lipoaspirate have been developed, continuously contributing to preclinical and clinical trials of its safety and efficacy. This review discusses the main properties and functions of the SVF cell population, its efficacy and safety for human therapy

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МЕТАБОЛИЗМА АМИНОКИСЛОТ КРОВИ ПРИ РЕСПИРАТОРНОМ ДИСТРЕСС-СИНДРОМЕ НОВОРОЖДЁННЫХ

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborns is one of the most common critical states of the neonatal period, the cause of this complication is the primary deficiency of surfactant with the consequent progress of hypoxia, syndrome of fetal systemic inflammatory response and hypermetabolism. Goal of the trial: the evaluation of blood amino-acid metabolism in the newborns with respiratory distress syndrome depending on the duration of artificial pulmonary ventilation. Materials and methods: prospective controlled non-randomized one-centered trials with 48 newborns included. The main group (n = 22) included newborns to whom surfactant was administered one, and the control group (n = 26) included children who required the repeated administration of surfactant and continuous (72 hours and more) artificial pulmonary ventilation. Results of the trial. It has been found out that the children from the control group had higher concentration of citrulline in blood plasma (21.0 ± 0.7 versus 14.4 ± 1.2, p < 0.05) and lower concentration of the total protein in blood plasma (49.10 ± 0.87 versus 64.8 ± 1.8; p < 0.05). The negative correlation dependency was found between hypoproteinemia and content of alanine (r = -0.99; p < 0.05), arginine (r = -0.97; p < 0.005), citrulline (r = -0.93; p < 0.05) and tyrosine (r = -0.66; p < 0.05). Conclusion. Severe course of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborns is accompanied by obvious disorders in amino acid metabolism, which requires timely management.  Респираторный дистресс-синдром новорождённых является одним из наиболее распространённых критических состояний неонатального периода, в основе развития которого лежит первичный дефицит сурфактанта с последующим прогрессированием гипоксии, синдрома фетального системного воспалительного ответа и гиперметаболизма. Цель исследования: оценка метаболизма аминокислот крови у новорождённых с респираторным ­дистресс-синдромом в зависимости от длительности искусственной вентиляции лёгких. Материалы и методы: проспективное, контролируемое, нерандомизированное, одноцентровое исследование, в которое включено 48 новорождённых. Основная группа (n = 22) - новорождённые, которым сурфактант вводили однократно, контрольная группа (n = 26) - дети, которым требовались повторное введение сурфактанта и длительная (72 ч и более) искусственная вентиляция лёгких. Результаты исследования. Выявлено, что у детей контрольной группы имели место более высокая концентрация цитруллина в плазме крови (21,0 ± 0,7 против 14,4 ± 1,2; p < 0,05) и низкая концентрация общего белка в плазме крови (49,10 ± 0,87 против 64,8 ± 1,8; p < 0,05). Установлена отрицательная корреляционная зависимость между гипопротеинемией и содержанием аланина (r = -0,99; p < 0,05), аргинина (r = -0,97; p < 0,05), цитруллина (r = -0,93; p < 0,05) и тирозина (r = -0,66; p < 0,05). Заключение. Тяжёлое течение респираторного дистресс-синдрома у новорождённых сопровождается выраженными нарушениями метаболизма аминокислот, что требует своевременной коррекции

ХИРУРГИЧЕСКАЯ ТАКТИКА ПРИ РАНЕНИЯХ ЖИВОТА ОГНЕСТРЕЛЬНЫМ ОРУЖИЕМ ОГРАНИЧЕННОГО ПОРАЖЕНИЯ

In peacetime conditions wounds caused by gunshots of limited damage have been occurred in emergency surgical care more and more frequently. Despite of the established approach in the treatment of gunshot stomach wounds, the authors of this article have summarized the existing experience of treatment of nine victims suffering gunshot wounds to the stomach, performed an analysis of treatment of the victims of this category and developed the diagnostic and treatment algorithm from the perspective of modern technologies. This algorythm has proved its value by absence of lethality and just one anticipated light complication among the victims.В условиях мирного времени ранения, полученные огнестрельным оружием ограниченного поражения, все чаще стали встречаться хирургам больниц, оказывающих неотложную помощь. Несмотря на уже утвердившуюся тактику при огнестрельных ранениях живота, авторы данной статьи обобщили имеющийся опыт лечения девяти пострадавших с ранениями живота из огнестрельного оружия ограниченного поражения, провели анализ лечения данной категории пострадавших и разработали лечебно-диагностический алгоритм с позиции современных технологий. Данный алгоритм оправдал себя отсутствием летальности и наличием всего у одного пострадавшего прогнозируемого не тяжелого осложнения.

Эффект интрамиокардиального введения аллогенного биоматериала на уровень ангиогенеза и ремоделирования постишемического рубца у крыс

Scar smoothing out, angiogenesis stimulation and cardiomyogenesis in myocardial infarction still remain pressing issues despite the variety of existing methods. One of the ways to correct them is intramyocardial implantation of an alloplant biomaterial (ABM) suspension. ABM serves as an inhibitor of fibroneogenesis in various tissues with chronic inflammatory processes. No studies have been carried out with regards to acute myocardial infarction. Objective: to assess the dynamics of the number of bFGF-1 + cells and CD68 macrophages, the degree of angiogenesis amidst the use of ABM in the formation of postinfarction scar in the experiment. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were performed on 100 male Wistar rats weighing 0.18–0.25 kg. Coronary artery ligation was performed on all animals. In the experimental group, the ABM suspension (12 mg) was injected intramyocardially. We used histological, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical (CD68, bFGF-1), morphometric and statistical research methods. Hearts were procured at day 3, 7, 14, 30, and 45. Results. The use of an allogeneic biomaterial immediately after coronary artery stenosis could reduce the area of cicatricial myocardial degeneration by two fold by accelerating inflammatory response and the onset of early proliferative phase. In the reactive zone after ABM implantation, macrophage myocardial infiltration significantly decreased in comparison to the control group. The use of ABM ensures significant predominance of bFGF-1+ cells in the initial period of inflammation (3–14 days). Subsequently (14–45 days), inflammatory cytokine expression became several times less, which corresponded to biodegradation and resorption of the biomaterial. In the control group, during the acute phase of inflammation (3–14 days), bFGF-1+ cells were low in number. Subsequently (14–45 days), cytokine expression increased significantly, causing rapid accumulation of collagen fibers and scarring. In myocardial regeneration after a heart attack in the experiment, ABM stimulated angiogenesis, whose level was three times higher than in the control group. It was noted that ABM serves as a regulator of the neofibrillogenesis-fibroclasia balance in tissue. Conclusion. Macrophage migration inhibition and suppression of pro-inflammatory orientation of macrophages should be indicated as one of the directions of therapeutic correction strategy for ischemic myocardial injuries. Alloplant biomaterial used in the acute phase of myocardial inflammation can serve as such alternative.Проблемы нивелирования рубца, стимуляция ангиогенеза и кардиомиогенеза при инфаркте миокарда не теряют своей актуальности, несмотря на многообразие существующих методов. Одним из способов их коррекции предлагается интрамиокардиальная имплантация суспензии децеллюляризированного биоматериала (ДЦБМ), изготовленного из волокнистых соединительно-тканных образований аллогенного происхождения. ДЦБМ служит ингибитором фибронеогенеза в различных тканях с хроническими воспалительными процессами. В отношении острого инфаркта миокарда исследования не проводились. Цель. Оценка динамики численности bFGF-1 позитивных клеток, макрофагов CD 68, степени ангиогенеза в условиях применения ДЦБМ при формировании постинфарктного рубца в эксперименте. Материалы и методы. Экспериментальные исследования были проведены на 100 крысах-самцах породы Вистар массой 0,18–0,25 кг. Всем животным проведено лигирование коронарной артерии. В опытной группе интрамиокардиально вводили суспензию ДЦБМ (12 мг). В работе использовали гистологические, электронно-микроскопические, иммуногистохимические (CD 68, bFGF-1), морфометрические и статистические методы исследования. Забор сердец проводили через 3, 7, 14, 30, 45 суток. Результаты. Использование аллогенного биоматериала сразу после стенозирования коронарной артерии позволяет более чем в 2 раза уменьшить площадь рубцового перерождения миокарда за счет ускорения течения воспалительного ответа и наступления ранней пролиферативной фазы. В реактивной зоне после имплантации ДЦБМ значительно снижалась инфильтрация миокарда макрофагами по сравнению с контрольной группой. Использование ДЦБМ обеспечивало значительное преобладание bFGF-1+-клеток в начальный период воспаления (3–14 суток). В последующем (14–45 суток) экспрессия фиброкина становилась в разы меньше, что соответствовало биодеградации и резорбции биоматериала. В контрольной же группе в период острой фазы воспаления (3–14 суток) уровень bFGF-1+-клеток был низким, а в последующем (14–45 суток) экспрессия цитокина значительно увеличивалась, что вызывало стремительное накопление коллагеновых волокон и рубцевание. В процессе формирования постинфарктного регенерата в эксперименте ДЦБМ стимулировал ангиогенез, уровень которого превышал показатели контрольной группы в три раза. Отмечено, что биоматериал служил регулятором баланса неофибриллогенеза-фиброклазии в ткани. Заключение. Одним из направлений стратегии терапевтической коррекции при ишемических повреждениях миокарда следует указать ингибирование миграции макрофагов и подавление их провоспалительной направленности. В качестве такой альтернативы может являться аллогенный децеллюляризированный биоматериал, изготовленный из экстраклеточного матрикса, примененный в острой фазе воспаления миокарда

Geospatial data analysis in Russia’s geoweb

The chapter examines the role of geospatial data in Russia’s online ecosystem. Facilitated by the rise of geographic information systems and user-generated content, the distribution of geospatial data has blurred the line between physical spaces and their virtual representations. The chapter discusses different sources of these data available for Digital Russian Studies (e.g., social data and crowdsourced databases) together with the novel techniques for extracting geolocation from various data formats (e.g., textual documents and images). It also scrutinizes different ways of using these data, varying from mapping the spatial distribution of social and political phenomena to investigating the use of geotag data for cultural practices’ digitization to exploring the use of geoweb for narrating individual and collective identities online

SPECIFIC METABOLISM OF BLOOD AMINO-ACIDS IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME OF THE NEWBORNS

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborns is one of the most common critical states of the neonatal period, the cause of this complication is the primary deficiency of surfactant with the consequent progress of hypoxia, syndrome of fetal systemic inflammatory response and hypermetabolism. Goal of the trial: the evaluation of blood amino-acid metabolism in the newborns with respiratory distress syndrome depending on the duration of artificial pulmonary ventilation. Materials and methods: prospective controlled non-randomized one-centered trials with 48 newborns included. The main group (n = 22) included newborns to whom surfactant was administered one, and the control group (n = 26) included children who required the repeated administration of surfactant and continuous (72 hours and more) artificial pulmonary ventilation. Results of the trial. It has been found out that the children from the control group had higher concentration of citrulline in blood plasma (21.0 ± 0.7 versus 14.4 ± 1.2, p < 0.05) and lower concentration of the total protein in blood plasma (49.10 ± 0.87 versus 64.8 ± 1.8; p < 0.05). The negative correlation dependency was found between hypoproteinemia and content of alanine (r = -0.99; p < 0.05), arginine (r = -0.97; p < 0.005), citrulline (r = -0.93; p < 0.05) and tyrosine (r = -0.66; p < 0.05). Conclusion. Severe course of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborns is accompanied by obvious disorders in amino acid metabolism, which requires timely management

Eye vascular hemodynamics in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after surgery with application of the Alloplant biomaterial

Purpose: To study the optic nerve vascular hemodynamics in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) before and after application of the Alloplant biomaterial.Methods: The ultrasound diagnostic system General Electric Ultrasound Logic 7 (U. S.) was used to study hemodynamics. The study was initially conducted before the intervention and after the insertion of the Alloplant biomaterial in subtenon space in a retrobulbar way in the period from 3 to 6 months. The qualitative and quantitative parameters were determined: peak systolic flow velocity (Vmax), final diastolic velocity (Vmin), the index of peripheral resistance to blood flow (resistance index — RI), pulsation index (PI). According to cluster analysis there were four typological groups of cases, characterized by originality of RI changes in all six vessels in general.Results: The diagrams show that significant intergroup differences in postoperative RI changes occurred in the medial and lateral branches of short posterior ciliary artery. The most apparent RI decrease in these two arteries in the first typological group: in short posterior ciliary artery medial branch (–0.542±0.080) and in lateral branch reducing RI (–0.415±0.185). However, a comparable (–0.323±0.099) and not significantly different (p>0.09) level of RI reduction occurred in the second typological group. In the fourth typological group (20 cases), the maximum RI drop in medial branch of short posterior ciliary artery was –0.228±0.071.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the use of the Alloplant biomaterial in treating patients with AION consequencesimproves blood flow in vessels of the optic nerve (in the central retinal artery and more in short posterior ciliary artery with its branches) and can be recommended as a fairly effective AION treatment

Modeling of hydrothermal processes of transformation of super-viscous oil of the Ekaterinovsky deposit in the presence of clay minerals

© 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Using a set of physicochemical methods, the influence of hydrothermal effects on the composition of super-heavy oil of the Ekaterinovsky field in a carbon dioxide medium in the presence of a composition of catalysts - metals of variable valence in model experiments on clay rock-forming minerals was studied. Peculiarities of the transformation of the oil composition associated with the destruction of its high molecular weight components - resins and asphaltenes, and the formation of light saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons are revealed. Changes in the structural-group composition indicate an increase in the aromaticity of the products of the experiments. The greatest changes occur in the composition of resins and asphaltenes, which is reflected in a change in their structural-group composition and their paramagnetic properties. The high sorption ability of the rock to metals included in the composition of the used catalyst composition was revealed

Eye vascular hemodynamics in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after surgery with application of the Alloplant biomaterial

Purpose: To study the optic nerve vascular hemodynamics in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) before and after application of the Alloplant biomaterial.Methods: The ultrasound diagnostic system General Electric Ultrasound Logic 7 (U. S.) was used to study hemodynamics. The study was initially conducted before the intervention and after the insertion of the Alloplant biomaterial in subtenon space in a retrobulbar way in the period from 3 to 6 months. The qualitative and quantitative parameters were determined: peak systolic flow velocity (Vmax), final diastolic velocity (Vmin), the index of peripheral resistance to blood flow (resistance index — RI), pulsation index (PI). According to cluster analysis there were four typological groups of cases, characterized by originality of RI changes in all six vessels in general.Results: The diagrams show that significant intergroup differences in postoperative RI changes occurred in the medial and lateral branches of short posterior ciliary artery. The most apparent RI decrease in these two arteries in the first typological group: in short posterior ciliary artery medial branch (–0.542±0.080) and in lateral branch reducing RI (–0.415±0.185). However, a comparable (–0.323±0.099) and not significantly different (p&gt;0.09) level of RI reduction occurred in the second typological group. In the fourth typological group (20 cases), the maximum RI drop in medial branch of short posterior ciliary artery was –0.228±0.071.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the use of the Alloplant biomaterial in treating patients with AION consequencesimproves blood flow in vessels of the optic nerve (in the central retinal artery and more in short posterior ciliary artery with its branches) and can be recommended as a fairly effective AION treatment.</p

SURGICAL APPROACH FOR STOMACH WOUNDS CAUSED BY GUNSHOTS OF LIMITED DAMAGE

In peacetime conditions wounds caused by gunshots of limited damage have been occurred in emergency surgical care more and more frequently. Despite of the established approach in the treatment of gunshot stomach wounds, the authors of this article have summarized the existing experience of treatment of nine victims suffering gunshot wounds to the stomach, performed an analysis of treatment of the victims of this category and developed the diagnostic and treatment algorithm from the perspective of modern technologies. This algorythm has proved its value by absence of lethality and just one anticipated light complication among the victims