Эффективность основного внесения удобрений и подкормок томата при капельном орошении на обыкновенных чернозёмах Ростовской области

Relevance. In modern vegetable growing in the southern and central regions of Russia, new scientific developments are widely used, including the use of new varieties and hybrids, a drip irrigation system, fertigation with soluble fertilizers with microelements. All these agricultural practices make it possible to increase the yield of vegetable crops by several times, as well as to significantly increase the efficiency of applied fertilizers. The purpose of our work was to establish the effectiveness of the use of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for tomato with the main application and top dressing under drip irrigation.Methodology. Research in 2019-2021 on ordinary heavy loamy chernozem of the experimental field of the Birutchecutskaya Vegetable Experimental Station – branch of FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Rostov Region, Novocherkassk) with a new variety of tomato Krasny banker.Results. It was revealed that without fertilization, the yield of tomatoes was at the level of 32-35 t/ha; the use of the recommended dose of N120P120K120 in the main application increased the yield to 64- 72 t/ha; the use of the estimated dose of mineral fertilizers (for a yield of 100 t/ha) increased the yield of tomatoes to 95 t/ha. The use of three-fold root feeding of plants with drip irrigation increased the yield by 21%, and with foliar feeding – by 2-8%. As a root top dressing for drip irrigation, a solution of microcrystalline water-soluble fertilizer "Master" with a different ratio of nutrients was used, and for foliar top dressing, an organomineral nanofertilizer with growth-stimulating activity "Arksoil KKR" was used. In general, a set of agrochemical practices made it possible to increase the tomato yield under drip irrigation from 33.7 to 102.8 t/ha, more than 3 times, without reducing the dry matter content in fruits and without nitrate contamination of products. Актуальность. В современном овощеводстве южных и центральных регионов России широко используются новые научные разработки, включающие в себя использование новых сортов и гибридов, систему капельного орошения, фертигацию растворимыми удобрениями с микроэлементами. Все эти агроприёмы позволяют в несколько раз увеличить урожайность овощных культур, а также очень существенно повысить эффективность вносимых удобрений.Целью нашей работы было установить эффективность применения расчётных доз минеральных удобрений под томат при основном внесении и подкормках в условиях капельного орошения. Исследования проводили в 2019-2021 годах на обыкновенном тяжелосуглинистом чернозёме опытного участка Бирючекутской овощной селекционной опытной станции (БОСОС) ФНЦО (Ростовская обл., г. Новочеркасск) с новым сортом томата Красный банкир.Результаты. Выявлено, что без внесения удобрений урожайность томатов была на уровне 32 35 т/га; применение в основное внесение рекомендуемой дозы N120P120K120 увеличивало урожайность до 64-72 т/га; использование расчётной дозы минеральных удобрений (на урожайность 100 т/га) повышало урожайность томатов до 89-99 т/га. Применение трёхкратной корневой подкормки растений при капельном орошении увеличивало урожайность на 21%, а при листовой подкормке – на 2 8%. В качестве корневых подкормок при капельном поливе использовался раствор микрокристаллического водорастворимого удобрения «Мастер» различного соотношения питательных элементов, а при листовых подкормках органоминерального наноудобрения с ростостимулирующей активностью «Арксойл ККР». В целом, комплекс агрохимических приёмов позволил увеличить урожайность томата при капельном орошении с 33,7 до 102,8 т/га, более чем в 3 раза, без снижения содержания сухого вещества в плодах и отсутствии нитратного загрязнения продукции.

Продуктивность и качество репчатого лука при использовании минеральных удобрений, биокомпостов и регуляторов роста

Relevance. Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops of the borscht group, in the NonChernozem zone it is cultivated mainly through sowing, but modern technologies of cultivation of new varieties and hybrids of intensive type, drip irrigation, new types of mineral and organic fertilizers and plant growth regulators allow to obtain a high yield of onions (50 – 70 t/ha) in an annual crop in conditions of fertile alluvial soils and dramatically increase the profitability of production. Onions grown from seeds, as a rule, respond poorly to the use of large doses of mineral tuks due to the increased concentration of soil solution and a decrease in the density of standing plants.Material and methods. Research in 2014-2020 were carried out on the experimental field of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry of VNIIO – a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Research Center on the alluvial meadow soil of the central part of the Moskvoretskaya floodplain (Ramenskiy district, MO). The experiments were carried out in 3 replicates, with a systematic distribution of replicates. As the main mineral fertilizer, nitroammophoska was used, containing 16% of ae. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. As organic fertilizers, we used biocompost of cattle, horse and chicken manure from TONEKS LLC, a domestic manufacturer of agrochemically and agronomically valuable bioorganic products of the BIUD family.Results. These studies made it possible to find out that biocompost from cattle manure, horse and chicken manure in balanced doses with mineral fertilizers for nitrogen, as well as growth regulators Zircon and Argolan, can significantly increase the yield of annual onions to 58.8-66.4 t/ha while increasing the standard of bulbs without reducing the biochemical quality indicators. The most effective were chicken manure (16% increase), Argolan (21% increase) and Zircon (10-21% increase in the yield of different hybrids).Актуальность. Лук репчатый – одна из важнейших овощных культур борщевой группы, в Нечернозёмной зоне возделывается преимущественно через севок, однако современные технологии возделывания новых сортов и гибридов интенсивного типа, капельное орошение, новые виды минеральных и органических удобрений и регуляторов роста растений позволяют в условиях плодородных аллювиальных почв получать высокую урожайность лука репчатого (более 50,0 т/га) в однолетней культуре, тем самым резко повысить рентабельность производства. Репчатый лук, выращиваемый из семян, как правило, слабо отзывается на применение больших доз минеральных туков из-за повышенной концентрации почвенного раствора и снижения густоты стояния растений.Материал и методика. Исследования проводили в 2014-2020 годах на опытном поле отдела земледелия и агрохимии ВНИИО – филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО на аллювиальной луговой почве центральной части Москворецкой поймы (Раменский район М.О.). Опыты были заложен в 3-кратной повторности, с систематическим размещением повторностей. В качестве основного минерального удобрения использовали нитроаммофоску, содержащую по 16% д.в. азота, фосфора и калия. В качестве органических удобрений использовали биокомпосты КРС, конский и помет куриный от компании ООО «ТОНЕКС», отечественного производителя агрохимически и агрономически ценных биоорганических продуктов семейства "БИУД".Результаты. Данные исследования позволили выяснить, что биокомпосты из навоза КРС, конского и куриного помета в сбалансированных дозах с минеральными удобрениями по азоту, а также регуляторы роста Циркон и Арголан позволяют существенно увеличить урожайность однолетнего лука до 58,8-66,4 т/га при повышении стандартности луковиц без снижения биохимических показателей качества. Наиболее эффективными были куриный помет (16% прибавки), Арголан (21% прибавки) и Циркон (10-21% прибавки урожая разных гибридов)

Mineral fertilizers for onions: a review

For the production of onions, first of all, the proper organization of its nutrition is necessary. Both its productivity and product quality depend on this. First of all, onion nutrition requires mineral fertilizers containing macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The quality of onions, their physiology and productivity depend on the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, the need for which and the efficiency of use by plants vary depending on climatic factors, irrigation systems, varietal differences, soil and production conditions of cultivation in growing areas. This review examines in detail the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as the main components of mineral nutrition, on the growth, physiology and yield of onion. The review includes various databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SciFinder, Web of Science, RSCI, etc., online sources (Research Gate, Springer Nature Open Access, Wiley Online Library, etc.) are used

Efficiency of the main application of fertilizers and top dressing of tomato under drip irrigation on ordinary chernozems of the Rostov region

Relevance. In modern vegetable growing in the southern and central regions of Russia, new scientific developments are widely used, including the use of new varieties and hybrids, a drip irrigation system, fertigation with soluble fertilizers with microelements. All these agricultural practices make it possible to increase the yield of vegetable crops by several times, as well as to significantly increase the efficiency of applied fertilizers. The purpose of our work was to establish the effectiveness of the use of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for tomato with the main application and top dressing under drip irrigation.Methodology. Research in 2019-2021 on ordinary heavy loamy chernozem of the experimental field of the Birutchecutskaya Vegetable Experimental Station – branch of FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Rostov Region, Novocherkassk) with a new variety of tomato Krasny banker.Results. It was revealed that without fertilization, the yield of tomatoes was at the level of 32-35 t/ha; the use of the recommended dose of N120P120K120 in the main application increased the yield to 64- 72 t/ha; the use of the estimated dose of mineral fertilizers (for a yield of 100 t/ha) increased the yield of tomatoes to 95 t/ha. The use of three-fold root feeding of plants with drip irrigation increased the yield by 21%, and with foliar feeding – by 2-8%. As a root top dressing for drip irrigation, a solution of microcrystalline water-soluble fertilizer "Master" with a different ratio of nutrients was used, and for foliar top dressing, an organomineral nanofertilizer with growth-stimulating activity "Arksoil KKR" was used. In general, a set of agrochemical practices made it possible to increase the tomato yield under drip irrigation from 33.7 to 102.8 t/ha, more than 3 times, without reducing the dry matter content in fruits and without nitrate contamination of products

Productivity and quality of onions when using mineral fertilizers, biocompost and growth regulators

Relevance. Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops of the borscht group, in the NonChernozem zone it is cultivated mainly through sowing, but modern technologies of cultivation of new varieties and hybrids of intensive type, drip irrigation, new types of mineral and organic fertilizers and plant growth regulators allow to obtain a high yield of onions (50 – 70 t/ha) in an annual crop in conditions of fertile alluvial soils and dramatically increase the profitability of production. Onions grown from seeds, as a rule, respond poorly to the use of large doses of mineral tuks due to the increased concentration of soil solution and a decrease in the density of standing plants.Material and methods. Research in 2014-2020 were carried out on the experimental field of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry of VNIIO – a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Research Center on the alluvial meadow soil of the central part of the Moskvoretskaya floodplain (Ramenskiy district, MO). The experiments were carried out in 3 replicates, with a systematic distribution of replicates. As the main mineral fertilizer, nitroammophoska was used, containing 16% of ae. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. As organic fertilizers, we used biocompost of cattle, horse and chicken manure from TONEKS LLC, a domestic manufacturer of agrochemically and agronomically valuable bioorganic products of the BIUD family.Results. These studies made it possible to find out that biocompost from cattle manure, horse and chicken manure in balanced doses with mineral fertilizers for nitrogen, as well as growth regulators Zircon and Argolan, can significantly increase the yield of annual onions to 58.8-66.4 t/ha while increasing the standard of bulbs without reducing the biochemical quality indicators. The most effective were chicken manure (16% increase), Argolan (21% increase) and Zircon (10-21% increase in the yield of different hybrids)