X-ray Planning and Control in Gastrointestinal Stenting

Background. Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) are widely used in gastrointestinal (GI) tract obstructive lesions. Planning and stent placement control can be performed with using roentgenological, endoscopic or combined method. The choice of the method depends on doctor’s preferences and clinic’s traditions, but endoscopic one is used more often. Comparison of the above methods efficacy in a single-institution material was not found in the literature. Objective: to compare clinical and roentgenological results of GI stenting depending on the method used. Material and methods. In 2016–2021, 267 cases of GI stenting were performed in Botkin Municipal Clinical Hospital. In 70 (26%) of them an endoscopic method was used, in 97 (36%) – a roentgenological one, and in 100 (37%) – a combined one. All patients underwent X-ray control postop. Results were analyzed statistically. Results. The implementation of X-ray diagnostics solo or in combination with endoscopy in GI SEMS planning and placement provided better results in comparison with endoscopic method only. Total SEMS expansion was achieved in 99% of cases versus 79% after only endoscopic procedures, correct stent placement – in 98% and 75%, respectively, evacuation was restored in 98% and 70%, respectively. All differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). It is evident that X-ray methods are not useful for preliminary marking in decompensated patients with GI stenosis. But after elimination of such cases from analysis, the difference between the groups remained statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The data obtained substitute expediency of X-ray method solo or with endoscopic one. Significant improvement of the results can be referred to more exact preoperative selection of SEMS type and size with X-ray method

Изменения микрогемоциркуляции слизистой оболочки бронхов у больных с легочным кровотечением

Summary. Bronchiscopic examination was performed in 103 patients, of them, 44 patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 59 patients had atrophic bronchitis. Mild pulmonary hemorrhage was diagnosed in 24 patients with COPD and in 39 patients with atrophic bronchitis. Laser Doppler flowmetry was performed using a laser analyzer of capillary circulation LAKK-01 (Lazma, Moscow). After revision of bronchi, the optical guide with laser wavelength of 0.63 μm was run through biopsy channel of the bronchoscope and was located on the bronchial mucosa 1 cm higher the bronchial spur of the right upper lobe bronchus under visual control. The examination was done during 2 min. All patients with hemorrhage in bronchial mucosa had microcirculatory disorders of different character and severity. Character parameters of tissue perfusion significantly decreased. Mostly, the mean square deviation has been decreasing that indicated unsuccessful tissue perfusion. The amplitude of variations in VLF, LF and HF ranges increased indicating the increased capacity of venules and increased tone of precapillary vessels that also prevented adequate capillary circulation. Amplitudes of variables at CF range was noted that characterized arteriolar dilation.Резюме. Бронхоскопия выполнена 103 больным, из них у 44 человек была хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ), у 59 – атрофический бронхит. Кровотечение I степени имело место у 24 пациентов с ХОБЛ и у 39 больных с атрофическим бронхитом. Лазерную допплеровскую флоуметрию проводили на лазерном анализаторе капиллярного кровотока ЛАКК-01 ("Лазма", Москва). После осмотра бронхов световод от прибора с длиной волны лазерного излучения 0,63 мкм проводили через биопсийный канал бронхоскопа и под контролем зрения устанавливали на слизистой оболочке на 1 см выше шпоры правого верхнедолевого бронха. Исследование выполняли в течение 2 мин. У всех больных с кровотечением в слизистой оболочке бронхов регистрировались различные по характеру и степени выраженности нарушения микроциркуляторного кровообращения. Параметр микроциркуляции, характеризующий состояние перфузии тканей, достоверно уменьшался. В подавляющем большинстве случаев происходило снижение значений среднего квадратичного отклонения, что указывает на неэффективность тканевой перфузии. Зарегистрированы повышение амплитуды колебаний в диапазонах VLF, LF и HF, которое свидетельствует об усилении тонуса прекапилляров и препятствует адекватному кровотоку по капиллярам, и возрастание емкостной функции венулярного звена микроциркуляторного русла. Отмечен рост амплитуд в CF-диапазоне, характеризующий расслабление артериолярного звена микроциркуляторного русла

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND-GUIDED RESECTION OF SOMATOSTATINOMA OF THE AMPULLA OF THE MAJOR DUODENAL PAPILLA IN THE PATIENT WITH INHERITED NEUROFIBROMATOSIS

Case report. We present the case of a 50-year-old female patient with inherited type 1 neurofibromatosis, who was found to have a tumor in the major duodenal papilla. She underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided resection of the major duodenal papilla with subsequent histological and immunohistochemical examination. Discussion. Somatostatinomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract with an annual incidence of 1 case per 40 million people. The combination of type 1neurofibromatosis and somatostatinoma of the ampulla of the major duodenal papilla occurs extremely rarely. Endoscopic ultrasound provides visualization of tumor spread in all layers of the intestinal wall and in the major duodenal papilla, thus giving opportunity to perform radical surgery by minimally invasive method. Conclusions. Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery in patients with a combination of type 1 neurofibromatosis and somatostatinoma is a good alternative to pancreatic resection in this rare category of patients. Further follow-up studies are needed

Современные методы диагностики и лечения легочных кровотечений

Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hemorrhage.Современные методы диагностики и лечения легочных кровотечений

ВЫБОР СПОСОБА ЭНДОСКОПИЧЕСКОГО СТЕНТИРОВАНИЯ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С НЕРЕЗЕКТАБЕЛЬНОЙ АДЕНОКАРЦИНОМОЙ ГОЛОВКИ ПОДЖЕЛУДОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ

The purpose of the study was to comparatively assess the endoscopic plastic or nitinol stenting in patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, who subsequently received systemic chemotherapy.Material and Methods. Between 2014 and 2018, 64 patients underwent retrograde stenting followed by chemotherapy. All patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I consisted of 21 patients, who underwent nitinol stent implantation. Group II comprised 43 patients, who underwent plastic stent implantation.Results. The technical success was 91.3 % in group I and 93.5 % in group II (р=0.324); clinical success was 95.2 % in group I and 90.6 % in group II (р=0.218). Complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification in group I patients: Grade II in 2 (9.5 %), Grade III in 1 (4.5 %), and Grade IV 2 in (9.5 %). In group II patients, these complications were as follows: Grade II in 4 (9.3 %), Grade III in 4 (9.3 %), and Grade IV in 1 (2.3 %). The median duration of chemotherapy was 127.3 days. Stent dysfunction was observed in 5 (23.8 %) patients of group I and in 24 (55.8 %) patients of group II (р=0.026). The median time of stent patency was 108 ± 5.2 days in group I and 64 ± 4.3 days in group II (р=0.034). In group I patients, the median survival time was 100 days in 5 patients, 120 days in 9 patients, and 150 days in 5 patients. Two patients are alive. In group II patients, the median survival time was 100 days in 10, 120 days in 16, and 150 days in 13. Five patients are alive.Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, it is advisable to recommend the use of nitinol stents for resolving obstructive jaundice in patients with unresectable ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, who are scheduled to undergo chemotherapy. Цель исследования заключалась в сравнительном анализе эндоскопического стентирования пластиковым или нитиноловым стентом у пациентов с нерезектабельной аденокарциномой головки поджелудочной железы, которые впоследствии получали системную химиотерапию.Материал и методы. В Боткинской больнице за период с 2014 по 2018 г. выполнено ретроградное стентирование у 64 пациентов, которым в последующем проводилась химиотерапия. Пациенты были разделены на две группы: 21 больному было выполнено стентирование нитиноловым стентом и 43 – стентирование пластиковым стентом.Результаты. Технический успех в первой группы больных составил 91,3 %, во второй – 93,5% (р=0,324); клинический успех – 95,2 % и 90,6 % соответственно (р=0,218). Количество осложнений по классификации Clavien–Dindo в первой группе: II – 2 (9,5 %), III – 1 (4,5 %), IV – 2 (9,5 %); во второй группе: II – 4 (9,3 %), III – 4 (9,3 %), IV – 1 (2,3 %). Средняя продолжительность химиотерапии составила 127,3 дня. Дисфункция стента в первой группе наблюдалась у 5 (23,8 %) пациентов, во второй – у 24 (55,8 %) больных (р=0,026). Средний период функционирования стента – 108 ± 5,2 и 64 ± 4,3 дня соответственно (р=0,034). Медиана выживаемости в первой группе: 5 пациентов – 100 дней, 9 пациентов – 120 дней, 5 пациентов – 150 дней, 2 пациента живы; во второй группе: 10 пациентов – 100 дней, 16 пациентов – 120 дней, 13 пациентов – 150 дней, 5 пациентов живы.Заключение. На основании полученных результатов целесообразно рекомендовать использование нитиноловых стентов для разрешения механической желтухи у пациентов с нерезектабельной протоковой аденокарциномой головки поджелудочной железы, которым планируется проведение химиотерапии.

Применение оксида азота в бронхоскопии

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ЭНДОСКОПИЧЕСКАЯ РЕЗЕКЦИЯ СОМАТОСТАТИНОМЫ АМПУЛЫ БОЛЬШОГО ДУОДЕНАЛЬНОГО СОСОЧКА ПОД КОНТРОЛЕМ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ У БОЛЬНОЙ С НАСЛЕДСТВЕННЫМ НЕЙРОФИБРОМАТОЗОМ

Case report. We present the case of a 50-year-old female patient with inherited type 1 neurofibromatosis, who was found to have a tumor in the major duodenal papilla. She underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided resection of the major duodenal papilla with subsequent histological and immunohistochemical examination. Discussion. Somatostatinomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract with an annual incidence of 1 case per 40 million people. The combination of type 1neurofibromatosis and somatostatinoma of the ampulla of the major duodenal papilla occurs extremely rarely. Endoscopic ultrasound provides visualization of tumor spread in all layers of the intestinal wall and in the major duodenal papilla, thus giving opportunity to perform radical surgery by minimally invasive method. Conclusions. Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery in patients with a combination of type 1 neurofibromatosis and somatostatinoma is a good alternative to pancreatic resection in this rare category of patients. Further follow-up studies are needed.Описание клинического случая. Пациентка В., 50 лет, страдающая наследственным нейрофиброматозом 1-го типа, обратилась в ГКБ им. С.П. Боткина в связи с выявленным образованием в проекции большого дуоденального сосочка (БДС). Проведена папилэктомия с последующим морфологическим и иммуногистохимическим исследованием. Обсуждение. Частота встречаемости соматостатиномы составляет около 1 случая на 40 млн. человек. Сочетание нейрофиброматоза 1-го типа и соматостатиномы именно ампулы БДС исчисляется единицами. Благодаря визуализации распространения опухоли во всех слоях стенки кишки и БДС посредством эндосонографии появилась возможность выполнять радикальные эндохирургические операции. выводы. Применение органосберегающих эндоскопических резекционных вмешательств у больных с сочетанием наследственного нейрофиброматоза и соматостатиномы ампулы большого дуоденального сосочка малых размеров может служить альтернативой панкреатогастродуоденальной резекции.

Comprehensive treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia

The objective of the study: to use of laser Doppler flowmetry for the diagnosis of microcirculatory blood flow disorders in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and determine the possibility of nitric oxide in its regulation.Subjects and methods. 146 patients with community-acquired pneumonia aged from 21 to 72 years were examined and comprehensively treated. Group 1 included 49 patients who along with standard chemotherapy had therapeutic bronchoscopy and intrabronchial regional lymphatic administration of antibiotics; Group 2 included 82 patients who received complex treatment - standard antimicrobial therapy, therapeutic bronchoscopy, intrabronchial lympharegional administration of antibiotics, and additional NO-therapy; Group 3 consisted of 15 patients in whom only standard antimicrobial therapy and therapeutic bronchoscopy were used. 15 patients from each group had endobronchial laser Doppler flowmetry; LAKK-0, the laser analyzer of capillary blood flow was used for this purpose. The microhemocirculation index (MI) was recorded, then its mean-square deviation (MSD) and variation coefficient were calculated. Blood flow fluctuations were determined and the microcirculation efficiency index (MEI) was calculated.Results. All tested microcirculation parameters in patients with pneumonia were lower compared with healthy individuals. It was found out that on the 7th day from treatment start only in patients from Group 2, who received NO-therapy within comprehensive treatment, there was a significant increase in PM to 57.4 ± 1.6 pf. units, MSD - up to 8.4 ± 1.2 pf. units, MEI was 0.9 ± 0.02 s.u. By the 14th day of treatment in Group 2, microhemocirculation indices returned to normal, while in other groups there was only a positive trend. This was reflected in the time required of treatment of pneumonia, the best results (14 days on average) were in the group using NO-therapy as a part of comprehensive treatment