The Relevance of Osteoscintigraphy Technique in Early Detection of Bone Metastatic Lesions: a Systematic Review

Background. Due to intensive blood supply to the red bone marrow, as well as high adhesive abilities of tumor cells, bone tissue is a perfect structure for the metastatic process. Timely identification of the pathological process is highly relevant, since data from numerous sources on the use of radiation methods at later stages indicate the development of severe pathological conditions leading to neurological deficiency and significant decrease in a patient’s quality of life. Objective: to summarize data on the diagnostic effectiveness of osteoscintigraphy (OSG), as well as to conduct a comparative analysis of various diagnostic methods in bone metastases detection. Material and methods. The review was performed according to PRISMA standard (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). It included only full-text articles published in the period from 2015 to 2022, as well as particularly important publications from 2005 to 2014. The search for articles was carried out independently using CyberLeninka, eLibrary, Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE databases, by key terms without the use of language restrictions: “osteoscintigraphy”, “radiology’, “tumors”, “bones”, “diagnosis”. Results. The final analysis included 56 scientific articles by a qualitative indicator. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods, as well as indications for the use of various diagnostic techniques in bone metastatic lesions detection were presented. It was shown that OSG will cost 6 times cheaper than positron emission tomography (PET), and 3 times cheaper than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The analysis of using radiation methods demonstrated that the specificity of computed tomography and radiography was at a high level, but this techniques had less pronounced sensitivity, and MRI, OSG and PET had greater sensitivity, but insufficient specificity. In the initial stage of the disease, OSG is one of the main methods of metastatic lesions visualization, but not the only way of diagnosis in diversification strategy aspect. Conclusion. OSG is an effective and informative technique for early detection of bone metastases, allowing to assess the functional state of the tumor and its surrounding tissues, even before the appearance of structural disorders visible by other diagnostic methods. To improve the accuracy of the study, it is advisable to use a set of radiation diagnostic techniques. The choice of a particular method is determined by its technical capability and financial availability

Epizootic situation for brucellosis in the Russian Federation (review)

The World Health Organization (WHO) considers brucellosis to be one of the most dangerous and spread zoonosis in the world. The aim of the review is to summarize the current scientific data on the brucellosis in animals, to analyze the epizootic situation in the Russian Federation, Arctic Zone included, and to define the key factors of animal protection against the infection. The epizootic situation for brucellosis in farm animals, which are carriers of the three main pathogens of  brucellosis, is an urgent epidemiological problem. Their widespread occurrence is the factor determining the world-wide distribution of pathogens in most countries that indicates for the importance of control the brucellosis on an international scale. In Russia, a high epizootic risk of the spread of the disease is observed in the regions of the Volga, Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts, in southern Siberia and Far East as well as in the Arctic. Brucellosis has the same epizootic and epidemiological significance in the Arctic regions considering the national food preferences of the peoples of the Far North. In the Russian Arctic, epizootic foci of brucellosis in cattle and reindeer have been identified and evidence of the epidemiological significance and ecological association of B. suis with the reindeer population has been presented. Specific prophylaxis of brucellosis is based on the use of vaccines. However, the problem of reindeer vaccination has not been finally resolved

Spatiotemporal analysis of African swine fever spread in wild boar population in Russian Federation, 2007–2022

African swine fever is a transboundary disease of all members of Suidae family andit causes economic damage to the pigindustry and ecology of wild boar as a species. The ASF epidemiology is complex andit is specifiedby the mechanismsof the agent’s transmission in susceptible animal populations. Choiceof measure saimed to control and prevent the disease spreadin the wild boar population depends mainly on the routes of the disease introduction and stage or phase of the epizootic process. Prevention of the ASFV introduction from an infected region to a free one is the back bone in the infection prevention. Therefore, there search was aimed at the spatiotemporal analysis of African swine feveroutbreaks in the wild boar population in the Russian Federation in 2007–2022 and identification of geographical are as that poser is kof new disease epidemics. The analysis was performed using retrospective space-timescan statistics, which does not require data on the wild boar population and which can beused for the assessment of the possibility of new ASFoutbreak occurrence upon availability of just data on the reported disease case sand out breaks. As are sult of spatiotem poral cluster analysis, 24 clusters of ASF out breaks were identified based on the laboratory-confirmed data on the infection in boars found dead, and 22 clusters in hunted wildboars. The analysis results demonstrated spatial heterogeneity of the outbreak cluster distribution in population of wildboarsdied of the disease and a significant expansion of the passive surveillance geography. Importance and necessity of the enhanced passive surve illance of African swinefever in susceptible animals is demonstrated. The proposed methodcan beused for regular scanning of age ographic region for the presence of developing zone sand areasat risk of re-emerging ASFoutbreaks in the wildboar population at different spatial scales

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF ARGININE DEIMINASE FROM STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES

Many pathogens use metabolic pathway of arginine for successful dissemination. Bacterial arginine deiminase hydrolyzes arginine to form one molecule of ammonia and two molecules of ATP. The activity of the enzyme contributes to the improvement of survival of pathogenic bacteria in conditions of low pH at the site of infection or in phagolysosome, as well as in anaerobic conditions, and also leads to deficiency of arginine. Metabolism of arginine plays an important role in regulating the functions of immune system cells in mammals. Arginine is a substrate of enzymes NOS and arginase. Arginine depletion, potentially contributs to immunosuppression. The review analyzed the literature data on the effect of streptococcal arginine deiminase on the metabolism of arginine eukaryotic cells, and discusses immunosuppressive action of the enzyme

Density of wild boar population and spread of African swine fever in the Russian Federation

African swine fever (ASF) is a transboundary viral disease affecting all species of the Suidae family. It greatly undermines global pig industry and causes a significant damage to the ecology of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) which is a natural reservoir of the virus and is an intermediate  link in the epizootic process. Depopulation of wild boars is one of the measures taken to prevent spread of African swine fever in the Russian Federation. A threshold density of the wild boar population of 0.25 boars/1000 ha (0.025 boars/km2), according to the National Plan on the ASF Eradication in the Russian Federation, was achieved by 2020 in many RF Subjects. However, further analysis of the ASF epizootic situation shows that the measure has failed to eradicate the infection completely. A regression analysis showed statistically significant positive relationship between recurrent ASF outbreaks in the wild boar population and its density in a number of model subjects (N = 6). At the same time, there is no such dependence in other model subjects (N = 3), and  ASF outbreaks were recorded in wild boars at a density significantly lower than the recommended value. A review of foreign and national scientific publications has shown that such control methods as depopulation is just one part of the whole set of measures taken to eradicate African swine fever in the wild. The measure  is effective only when 70–80%  of animals are culled in a short time, which is practically impossible due to the high costs and some peculiarities of the population control and depopulation  process. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that a decrease in the number of wild boars does not guarantee to stop further spread of infection in the Russian Federation and it should be considered as just one part of the whole set of measures taken together with other anti-epizootic measures to eliminate and prevent ASF

Foot and mouth disease: risk factors and control measures (review)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a Schedule A disease. Given the potential for rapid spread of the disease, all suspected cases should be reported and investigated immediately. Understanding the mechanism of FMD spread and control measures is key to outbreak investigation and allows the source of an outbreak to be traced along with potential routes of further spread. Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in vast areas of Africa, Asia and South America. In 2022, the following countries remain unfavorable for FMD: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Israel, Indonesia, UAE, Palestine, Algeria, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Tunisia, South Africa. In Russia, in 2022, foot and mouth disease was not registered. There are seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus: O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3. Cattle, buffalo, sheep, pigs, goats, African buffalo, deer, yaks and other artiodactyls are susceptible to it. The two principle ways in which an animal can become infected are by inhalation of virus particles in the air, and by ingestion of food material containing virus particles, also through abrasions, contaminated instruments or artificial insemination. Up to 50 % of ruminant animals become persistently infected after clinical recover and termed a "carrier". Key risk factors for virus introduction are the introduction of a new animal into the herd with an unknown FMD vaccination status, seasonality, lack of vaccination, herd size. The cause of infection is often the uncontrolled or illegal movement of livestock. The main risk of FMD introduction comes from livestock, vehicles, people directly working with livestock susceptible to FMD, wild animals. The key principles of biosecurity are isolation of sick animals, cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment. Foot-and-mouth disease is a major barrier to international trade in livestock and animal products, so countries free of the disease are taking increased precautions to prevent the virus from entering

Assessing cytokine status of patients with chronic endometritis combined with endometrial hyperplastic processes in reproductive period

The goal of our study was to examine local and serum cytokine level involved in regulating inflammation in patients with chronic endometritis combined with endometrial hyperplastic processes. On admission, all patients underwent hysteroscopy with separate diagnostic curettage followed by histological examination of samples isolated from the uterine and cervical canal mucosa. Such manipulations were indicated due to abnormal uterine bleeding as well as suspected endometrial pathology based on ultrasound examination. According to the histological examination data of the endometrial samples, all patients were divided into two groups: group I contained 45 women with CE combined with PEG without atypia; group II — 38 patients with morphologically verified CEE combined with AEG without atypia. Level of IL-1P, IL-2, IL-6, IFNy, TNFa in biological fluids (aspirate from the uterus; serum) was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that in both groups (91.1% and 89.6%, respectively) the vast majority of patients was hospitalized due to abnormal uterine bleeding. Oligomenorrhea alternated with intermenstrual bleeding (66.7% and 71.2%, respectively) and dominated in pattern of menstrual cycle disorders in the examined patients, whereas 11 (24.4%) and 7 (18.4%) patients from group I and II, respectively, were noted to suffer from severe menstrual bleeding. Overall, analyzing the data on cytokine level both in the uterine aspirate and serum evidences about ongoing inflammatory process found at examination time point. Upon that, such process was not only local, but also exhibited signs of a systemic inflammatory response. The data on cytokine level in the uterine aspirate from patients with CE coupled to PGE or CGE without atypia point at local inflammatory process characterized by significantly increased concentration of IL-ф, IL-2, IL-6, TNFa and IFNy. At the same time, higher level of IL-ф and IFNy in patients from group II might indicates that degree of morphological changes in the endometrium could affect the level of local cytokine production. Thus, the data obtained evidence that immune changes in chronic endometritis combined with non-atypical endometrial hyperplastic processes mostly occur locally. In this regard, measuring cytokine concentration in the uterine aspirate is a diagnostic predictor and serves as a sign for monitoring therapeutic effectiveness of therapy in this cohort of patients

Influence of streptococcal arginine deiminase on the leukocyte infiltration in murine air pouch model

Numerous pathogens express arginine deiminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine in a chain of biochemical reactions aimed at the synthesis of ATP in bacterial cells. L-arginine is a semi-essential, proteinogenic amino acid that plays an important role in regulating the functions of the immune system cells in mammals. Depletion of L-arginine may cause a weakening of the immune reaction. In order to improve the conditions of dissemination, many pathogens use a strategy of L-arginine depletion in the microenvironment of host cells. Bacterial arginine deiminase can be a pathogenicity factor aimed for dysregulating the processes of inflammation and immune response. In general, the effect of arginine deiminase on immune cells may result into disturbed production of regulatory proinflammatory molecules, such as NO, and related substances, inhibition of activation, migration and differentiation of individual leukocyte subsets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of arginine deiminase on the formation of inflammatory infiltrate in murine air pouch model of streptococcal infection. Materials and methods: The study was performed using S. pyogenes M49-16 expressing arginine deiminase and its isogenic mutant S. pyogenes M49-16delArcA with inactivated arginine deiminase gene. The flow cytometry analysis of the inflammatory infiltrate leukocytes subpopulation in mice infected with the original strain of S. pyogenes M49-16 and its isogenic mutant S. pyogenes M49-16delArcA at different periods of infection was performed. It was shown that the inflammation reached its peak 6 hours after streptococcal inoculation, being more pronounced in mice infected with the mutant strain. Тhis finding was affirmed by a simultaneous and more pronounced increase in the absolute numbers of all leukocyte subsets in the focus of inflammation in this group of mice when compared to mice infected with original bacterial strain. Despite the decrease in the absolute number of all leukocyte types in the inflammatory infiltrate in both groups of mice for 24 hours, this trend was more pronounced in the group of mice infected with mutant microbial strain. Comparison of the inflammatory infiltrates developing in mice infected with original versus mutant strains showed that arginine deiminase may be a pathogenicity factor leading to dysregulation of protective immune response, due to impaired migration of white blood cells to the site of infection

Рентгенологическое исследование как альтернативный метод визуализации изменений в легких при инфекции, вызванной Covid-19

Introduction. Despite the existence of generally accepted diagnostic protocols, when a new coronavirus infection is suspected, in some cases, it is increasingly difficult to detect changes in the lung tissue in a timely manner due to the heavy workload of the main method of radiation diagnostics – computed tomography. Purpose of the study. To determine the effectiveness of the appointment of an X-ray examination as first-line metgod, as well as to carry out a comparative analysis of the use of radiation diagnostics methods – computed tomography and radiography in relation to the diagnostic sensitivity to changes in lung tissue when a person is infected with the SARS-COV-2 virus.Materials and methods. 150 patients (63.0 ± 8.4 years) with confirmed coronavirus infection were examined. Each of the participants underwent X-ray examination and computed tomography of the chest organs. The percentage of subjects studied for each of the degrees of severity of lung damage was determined to identify the proportion of involvement of lung tissue in the pathological process in the bulk of the examined individuals.Results. Of the 150 patients, changes in the lung tissue during chest X-ray were detected in 97 (65%), respectively, in 53 (35%), pathological changes in the lungs were not visualized. When examining patients by computed tomography, changes in the lungs were detected in 143 patients (95%), X-ray morphological changes were not detected in 7 subjects (5%). When detecting the volume of lung damage, it turned out that the majority of the subjects – 86 people (57%) – had the degree of damage CT-2. The degree of CT-1 and CT-3 was determined in 26 (17%) and 25 (17%) patients, respectively. CT-4 was observed in 6 patients (4%), and in 5% of cases, CT was not able to detect pathological changes in the lung tissue, the degree of CT-0 was established.Conclusion. In the assessment of viral lung damage, radiography takes a significant place, but in 35% of cases, radiographic examination failed to identify the existing pathological changes. CT of the chest organs confirms its value as the “gold standard” in the study of pulmonary pathology in coronavirus infection, but if it is impossible to perform it, radiography is recommended.Введение. Несмотря на наличие общепринятых протоколов диагностики, при подозрении на наличие новой коронавирусной инфекции, в ряде случаев все чаще отмечаются трудности своевременного выявления изменений в легочной ткани ввиду большой загруженности основного метода лучевой диагностики – компьютерной томографии.Цель исследования. Определить эффективность назначения рентгенологического обследования, а также провести сравнительный анализ применения методов лучевой диагностики – компьютерной томографии и рентгенографии в отношении чувствительности к изменению легочной ткани при инфицировании человека вирусом sars-cov-2.Материалы и методы. Было обследовано 150 пациентов (63,0 + 8,4 лет) с подтвержденной коронавирусной инфекцией. Каждому из участников было проведено рентгенологическое обследование и компьютерная томография. Также определен процент исследуемых по каждому из степеней тяжести поражения для выявления процентного соотношения объема вовлечения легких в патологический процесс у основной массы обследуемых лиц.Результаты. Из 150 пациентов изменения легочной ткани посредством проведения рентгена были обнаружены у 97 исследуемых (65%), соответственно у 53 человек (35%) патологические преобразования в легких не визуализировались. При обследовании больных методом компьютерной томографии изменения в легких были выявлены у 143 пациентов (95%), морфологических изменений не было обнаружено у 7 обследуемых (5 %). При выявлении объема поражения легких выяснилось, что основной массе обследуемых - 86 человек (57%) была установлена степень поражения КТ-2.  Степень КТ-1 и КТ-3 определили у 26 (17%) и 25 (17%) пациентов соответственно. КТ-4 наблюдалась у 6 больных (4%), и в 5% случаев КТ не удалось определить патологических изменений в легочной системе, была установлена степень КТ-0.Заключение. В оценке вирусного поражения легких рентгенография занимает существенное место, но в 35% случаев рентгену не удалось идентифицировать патологические изменения. КТ является «золотым стандартом» при исследовании легочной патологии, однако при невозможности проведения компьютерной томографии допускается проведение рентгенографии

Some psychophysiological features manifestations of perfectionism in young people and its relationship with other deviations

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between perfectionism, anxiety level and the risk of developing eating disorders in students.Цель исследования – изучить зависимость между перфекционизмом, уровнем тревожности и риском развития нарушений пищевого поведения у студентов