Leisure in Time Budgets of Soviet Citizens in1920s — Early 1930s

The issues of studying the time budgets of various categories of the Soviet population in the 1920s — early 1930s is examined in the article. Special attention is paid to the role of leisure in the everyday life of the Soviet person and the reasons for its insufficient prevalence. The results of a comparative analysis of materials on the study of the role of leisure in the time budgets of workers, students, engineers, party workers are presented. The question is raised about the difference in the place of leisure in the time budgets between men and women, as well as residents of capitals and provinces. The provisions and methods of historical anthropology, the history of everyday life and leisure, problem-chronological and comparative-historical methods are used the article. A review of the general and specific features for various categories of the population in the time spent on leisure has been carried out.  An assessment of the degree of representativeness of the results of the studies of time budgets carried out in the period under consideration is given. It is concluded that the time that the legislation relied on for rest in practice was either engaged in work or wasted unproductively. It was proved that the main reasons for this were the irregularity of the working day, additional work and irrational organization of free time

Models of Dissertation Defense: From Post-Reform University to Soviet Era (Case of Saint Petersburg University)

This study explores the issue of obtaining academic degrees in prerevolutionary Russia, a process that was an integral part of scientific initiation, allowing individuals to enter the ranks of the country’s intellectual elite. The aim of this paper is to determine the interplay between socio-political, corporate, and scientific elements in shaping the discourse of academic disputation. The analysis presented herein draws upon data primarily concerning Saint Petersburg University, which was a leading center for Russian scholarly activity. Specifically, this research utilizes unpublished materials from the minutes of the University Council meetings, journals of public assemblies of various faculties, and archives managed by the Saint Petersburg educational district, containing information on planned disputes. The authors conclude that there were eight formal obstacles a candidate had to overcome in the pursuit of a degree. The key hurdle was access to the public defense, which was a closed affair, being an internal corporate matter that excluded not only the degree candidate but also external authorities and society at large. The public defense of a thesis served more as a socially significant rite of corporate initiation, demonstrating the public importance of the corporation

Discussions on the “Physical Degeneration of the Proletariat ” and the Soviet Eugenics Project of the 1920s

Submitted on 15 June, 2018. Accepted on 09 July, 2018.Поступила в редакцию 15.06.2018. Принята к печати 09.07.2018.В настоящей статье рассматриваются предпосылки и особенности складывания советской модели развития массового спорта и физической культуры в связи с теорией и практикой советских евгенистов 1920-х гг. Высокая оценка перспектив евгеники частью политической и научной элиты Советской России была связана с существовавшими представлениями об угрозе вырождения рабочего класса, вызванной последствиями эксплуатации, войн и эпидемий. В рамках исследования были рассмотрены истоки советской евгеники, предопределившие основные особенности ее развития, проанализированы взгляды ее апологетов от власти и мира науки относительно перспектив обращения к ней в борьбе с вырождением пролетариата через спорт и физкультуру. Главным отличием советской евгеники был ее классовый характер, что было важнейшей ричиной ее противопоставления фашистской и буржуазной, а основной задачей стало взращивание «нового советского человека». Автор приходит к выводу, что часть отечественных евгенистов рассматривала науку об улучшении человека в связи не только с исследованием наследственности, но и с физической культурой. Эти устремления привели советских евгенистов 1920-х гг. к поддержке утопии здорового тела, обращению к физической культуре и спорту как важной составляющей борьбы с вырождением советского человека. Вскоре физическая культура и спорт стали элементами советской идеологической системы. Евгенические концепции в конце 1920-х гг. были подвергнуты резкой критике, но это никак не отразилось на развитии спорта и физической культуры, остававшихся важной частью советского социокультурного проекта, сохранившимся наследием советской позитивной евгеники.This article considers the background and features of the formation of the Soviet model of mass sports and physical culture development in connection with the theory and practice of Soviet eugenicists of the 1920s. Eugenics was regarded as a promising science by some representatives of the political and scientific elite of Soviet Russia as a means of avoiding the threat of degeneration of the working class, caused by the consequences of exploitation, wars, and epidemics. The author focuses on the origins of Soviet eugenics which predetermined the main features of its development, analyses the views of its proponents from the government and academia as regarded turning to it in the struggle against the degeneration of the proletariat by means of sports and physical education. The main difference of Soviet eugenics was its class character, which was the most important reason for its opposition to fascist and bourgeois eugenics, and its main task was the cultivation of a “new Soviet man”. The author concludes that some Soviet eugenicists considered the science of human improvement not only in connection with the study of heredity, but also physical culture. These aspirations led the Soviet eugenicists of the 1920s to support the utopia of a healthy body, to appeal to physical culture and sports as an important component of struggle against the degeneration of the Soviet man. Soon, physical culture and sport became elements of the Soviet ideological system. Concepts of eugenics in the late 1920s were sharply criticised, but this did not affect the development of sports and physical culture, which remained an important part of the Soviet sociocultural project, keeping the legacy of Soviet positive eugenics.The study is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 18-09-00728 “Mass Sports in the USSR in the 1920s–1930s: Recruitment, Daily Practices, and Mechanisms of Social Control”).Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект № 18-09-00728 «Массовый спорт в СССР в 1920-е — 1930-е гг.: рекрутирование, повседневные практики, механизмы социального контроля»)

A New Combined Model for Assessing the Perceived Accessibility of Public Transport by Consumers in the Megapolis

This research aims to create and test a new combined model to identify causal relationships between the perceived accessibility of the non-rail urban ground public transport (UGPT) route network and consumer experience in megacities. The methods used in the research are based on a combination of two models for assessing the perceived accessibility of UGPT passengers and the frequency of UGPT use. An online survey of 1,500 megapolis residents based on the quota sample was organized. Contingency tables were used to test the hypothesis, with the result reliability at a significance level of 5%, which was checked using the chi-square test. The impact of consumer experience on passengers’ perceived accessibility of the UGPT route network was identified. The relationship between the attributes of transport accessibility and the passengers’ frequency of using UGPT highlights significant differences between the perceived accessibility of transport and the frequency of using UGPT. Practical recommendations were formulated for developing transport accessibility for residents of megacities. The novelty of the research lies in the combined approach, which provides a deep understanding of causal relationships between customer experience (frequency of using UGPT) and the residents’ perceived accessibility of UGPT services. This helps to develop a theoretical model and practical recommendations for the improvement of the public UGPT system and transport services. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-06-023 Full Text: PD

Оцінка імовірності простою резервованих систем з технічним обслуговуванням

The object of consideration is Redundant Fault-tolerant radioelectronic system with maintenance without automatic replacement of modules that are out of order. There is developed structural-automatic model for such systems, which allows you to determine the reliability indexes of such systems, namely the function of availability and probability of downtime during repairs.В работе объектом рассмотрения есть резервированные отказоустойчивые радиоэлектронные системы с техническим обслуживанием без автоматической замены отказавших модулей. Для таких систем разработаны структурно-автоматные модели, которые позволяют определить показатели их надежности, а именно: функцию готовности и вероятности простоя во время ремонту.В даній роботі об'єктом розгляду є резервовані відмовостійкі радіоелектронні системи з технічним обслуговуванням без автоматичної заміни модулів, які вийшли з ладу. Для таких систем розроблено структурно-автоматні моделі, які дають змогу визначити показники надійності таких систем, а саме: функцію готовності та імовірність простою під час ремонт

Three-body correlations in direct reactions: Example of 6^{6}Be populated in (p,n)(p,n) reaction

The $^{6}$Be continuum states were populated in the charge-exchange reaction $^1$H($^{6}$Li,$^{6}$Be)$n$ collecting very high statistics data ($\sim 5 \times 10^6$ events) on the three-body $\alpha$+$p$+$p$ correlations. The $^{6}$Be excitation energy region below $\sim 3$ MeV is considered, where the data are dominated by contributions from the $0^+$ and $2^+$ states. It is demonstrated how the high-statistics few-body correlation data can be used to extract detailed information on the reaction mechanism. Such a derivation is based on the fact that highly spin-aligned states are typically populated in the direct reactions.Comment: submitted to Physical Review

Формирование коммуникативной компетенции государственных служащих как элемент поддержки лиц с ОВЗ в получении государственных услуг

Предлагаются пути совершенствования навыков деловой коммуникации государственных служащих в сети Интернет, необходимых для обеспечения равных возможностей при реализации прав граждан

Development of the digital chart in Belarus: results and situations in international ratings

В Республике Беларусь процессы цифровизации динамично развиваются. Положительную динамику им придают системные меры государственного регулирования как на уровне главы государства, так и отдельных органов государственного управления. Закономерным итогом совместной работы является стабильно высокие позиции Беларуси в мировых рейтингах. В настоящей статье рассматривается современное состояние и подходы к развитию цифровизации в Беларуси. Анализируются ключевые нормативные правовые акты в этой сфере, а также место Республики Беларусь в основных мировых рейтингах.This article examines the current state and approaches to the development of digitalization in Belarus. The key regulatory legal acts in this area are analyzed, as well as the place of the Republic of Belarus in the main world rankings. In the Republic of Belarus digitalization processes are developing dynamically. Systemic measures of state regulation both at the level of the Head of State and individual government bodies give them a positive dynamic. The natural result of the joint work is the consistently high position of Belarus in the world rankings

10He low-lying states structure uncovered by correlations

The 0+ ground state of the 10He nucleus produced in the 3H(8He,p)10He reaction was found at about $2.1\pm0.2$ MeV (\Gamma ~ 2 MeV) above the three-body 8He+n+n breakup threshold. Angular correlations observed for 10He decay products show prominent interference patterns allowing to draw conclusions about the structure of low-energy excited states. We interpret the observed correlations as a coherent superposition of the broad 1- state having a maximum at energy 4-6 MeV and the 2+ state above 6 MeV, setting both on top of the 0+ state "tail". This anomalous level ordering indicates that the breakdown of the N=8 shell known in 12Be thus extends also to the 10He system.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Structure of unbound neutron-rich 9^{9}He studied using single-neutron transfer

The 8He(d,p) reaction was studied in inverse kinematics at 15.4A MeV using the MUST2 Si-CsI array in order to shed light on the level structure of 9He. The well known 16O(d,p)17O reaction, performed here in reverse kinematics, was used as a test to validate the experimental methods. The 9He missing mass spectrum was deduced from the kinetic energies and emission angles of the recoiling protons. Several structures were observed above the neutron-emission threshold and the angular distributions were used to deduce the multipolarity of the transitions. This work confirms that the ground state of 9He is located very close to the neutron threshold of 8He and supports the occurrence of parity inversion in 9He.Comment: Exp\'erience GANIL/SPIRAL1/MUST