Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Electrode Reactions with Coupled Homogeneous Redox Reactions: D. C. and A. C. Polarography

We present here a survey of theoretical and experimental studies performed in our: laboratories, which deal with influences of homogeneous redox reactions in d. c. and a. c. polarography, with primary emphasis on the latter. These jnvestigations date back to the early 1960\u27s when effects of the catalytic mechanism on a. c. polarography were examined. However, the main thrust in this direction occurred in the past four years when theoretical strategies for handling second order homogeneous reactions coupled to heterogeneous electron transfer were perfected. This development permHted a focused theo,retical effort on this topic which encompassed a variety of mechani:srtic schemes, such as those involving disproportLonatiOl! l, and »nuances« of the consecutive and parallel ECE mechanisms. Experimental results obtained to date satisfactorily support predictiOIIls of the theoretical rate Jaws. One concludes from our studies and parallel efforts in other laboratories that kinetic characteristics of homogeneous redox reactions can substantially influence rthe polarographic observables under many circumstances. The COl!lclusicm follows that kinetic characteristics of homogeneous redox reactions are more broadly access1ble via polarographic, and other electrochemical relaxation techniques than previously thought. Also, proper care must be taken to account for, or show negligibility of, homogeneous redox reaction effects in studies whose attention is centered on the heterogeneous processes or on multi-component analysis

Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Electrode Reactions with Coupled Homogeneous Redox Reactions: D. C. and A. C. Polarography

We present here a survey of theoretical and experimental studies performed in our: laboratories, which deal with influences of homogeneous redox reactions in d. c. and a. c. polarography, with primary emphasis on the latter. These jnvestigations date back to the early 1960\u27s when effects of the catalytic mechanism on a. c. polarography were examined. However, the main thrust in this direction occurred in the past four years when theoretical strategies for handling second order homogeneous reactions coupled to heterogeneous electron transfer were perfected. This development permHted a focused theo,retical effort on this topic which encompassed a variety of mechani:srtic schemes, such as those involving disproportLonatiOl! l, and »nuances« of the consecutive and parallel ECE mechanisms. Experimental results obtained to date satisfactorily support predictiOIIls of the theoretical rate Jaws. One concludes from our studies and parallel efforts in other laboratories that kinetic characteristics of homogeneous redox reactions can substantially influence rthe polarographic observables under many circumstances. The COl!lclusicm follows that kinetic characteristics of homogeneous redox reactions are more broadly access1ble via polarographic, and other electrochemical relaxation techniques than previously thought. Also, proper care must be taken to account for, or show negligibility of, homogeneous redox reaction effects in studies whose attention is centered on the heterogeneous processes or on multi-component analysis

Proizvodne karakteristike i telesne mere koza alpske rase gajenih na malim porodičnim gazdinstvima u centalnoj Srbiji

The purpose of this study was to evaluate present level of productivity and determine linear body traits of Alpine goats raised in Serbia on smallholder farms. Data were collected from 22 smallholder farms located in Belgrade district, with total of 330 purebred Alpine does 2-9 years of age, 145 yearling does and 476 kids. Traits measured were: body weight of does, body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and at weaning (90-120 days), prolificacy of mature and yearling (primiparous) does, six linear body traits of does (wither height, body length, hearth girth, chest depth, chest width, pelvic width) and milk production (milk yield, milk fat and milk protein content). The analysis showed the average body weight of does to be 54.96 kg, while the average body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and weaning was 2.73 kg, 8.7 kg and 18.3 kg., respectively. Prolificacy was 144% in mature and 125% in yearling does. Measurements of linear body traits were: wither height 67.87 cm, body length 71.92 cm, hearth girth 81.79 cm, chest depth 32.93, chest width 21.49 cm and pelvic width 17.63 cm. Among dairy production traits, following results were obtained: lactation length 220.73 days, total milk yield 531.66 kg, milk fat content 3.33% and milk protein content 3.16%. It was concluded that the overall productivity of Alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in Serbia is satisfying. Giving the fact that these animals are usually kept under poor conditions, many of these productive traits are very good.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se proceni postojeći nivo produktivnosti i da se utvrde vrednosti linearnih telesnih mera koza alpske rase koje se gaje u Srbiji kod individualnih poljoprivrednih proizvođača. U ispitivanje su uključena 22 poljoprivredna gazdinstva locirana u beogradskom okrugu, sa ukupno 330 koza alpske rase uzrasta 2-9 godina, 145 prvojarenica i 476 jaradi. Analizirane su sledeće osobine: telesna masa koza, telesna masa jaradi na rođenju, sa 30 dana uzrasta i pri odlučenju (90-120 dana), plodnost odraslih koza i prvojarenica, linearne telesne mere (visina grebena, dužina trupa, obim grudi, dubina grudi, širina grudi, širina karlice) i osobine mlečnosti (dužina laktacije, količina mleka za laktaciju, sadržaj mlečne masti i proteina). Prosečne vrednosti telesne mase i plodosti ispitivanih kategorija bile su: telesna masa koza 54,96 kg, telesna masa jaradi na rođenju 2,73 kg, telesna masa jaradi sa 30 dana 8,7 kg i telesna masa jaradi pri odlučenju 18,3 kg, plodnost odraslih koza 144%, plodnost prvojarenica 125%. Utvrđene su sledeće vrednosti telesnih mera: visina grebena 67,87 cm, dužina trupa 71,92 cm, obim grudi 81,79, dubina grudi 32,93 cm, širina grudi 21,49 cm i širina karlice 17,63 cm. Prosečna laktacijska mlečnost je iznosila 531,66 kg mleka u laktaciji od 221 dan, sa 3,33% mlečne masti i 3,16% proteina. Na osnovu utvrđenih rezultata i poređenjem sa rezultatima drugih autora zaključeno je da je produktivnost koza alpske rase gajenih na malim poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima zadovoljavajući. Plodnost koza je na nešto nižem nivou, kao i porođajne mase jaradi. Međutim, ako se ima u vidu da su uslovi gajenja ovih životinja često veoma skromni, mnoge od ovih proizvodnih osobina su veoma dobre. Prostora za poboljšanje ima, ali uz veća ulaganja koja uslovljavaju i veću cenu proizvodnje. Ipak, uz nepostojanje organizovanog i zagarantovanog otkupa mleka koza, kao ni zaštitnih cena mleka, što bi proizvođačima pružilo neku sigurnost u proizvodnji, sva veća ulaganja u ovom trenutku ne bi bila isplativa

Investigation of gene pool and genealogical links between sheep breeds of southern Russia by blood groups and DNA microsatellites

To study the gene pool and the establishment of genealogical relationships between breeds of sheep of different directions productivity bred in Russia, were used two classes of genetic markers - blood and DNA microsatellites. The included sample sheep are fine-wool Merino breeds: Grozny (GR), Caucasian (CA), Manychskij merino (MM), the Soviet Merino (SM), Stavropol (ST) and coarse wool breeds: Edilbaevskaya (ED), Karakul (CR) and Romanov (RO). For the study of erythrocyte, were selected antigens (blood group) in 1159 samples from 11 breeding farms. For microsatellite DNA study - 598 from 10 breeding farms. Microsatellite analysis revealed that the most polymorphic were Stavropol breed sheep that have identified an average of 18.27 alleles per locus were relatively conservative Romanov breed sheep - 9.7 alleles per locus. The minimum genetic distances established between Grozny and Soviet Merino - 0.0569 (for microsatellites) and 0.0741 (blood groups - later in the same sequence). The rocks of the Stavropol - Grozny were 0.0861 and 0, 0810. Whereas Stavropol and Soviet Merino 0.0861 and 0.1094. Also relatively close between Grozny - Edilbaevskoy, Grozny Karakul, Edilbaevskoy - Karakul: 0.1364 and 0.0851, respectively; 0.1620 and 0.1208; 0.1875 and 0.1192. The highest genetic distances were between Stavropol and Karakul 0.2664 and 0.1804, as well as between the Romanov and all studied species - 0.2491 ... 0.3211 and 0.1734 ... 0.2235

Genetical influence on histological structure and chemical composition of muscular tissue in sheep

The effect of different genotypes kept in the same feeding level on microstructure and chemical composition of muscular tissue (musculus longissimus dorsi) of sheep has studied. The study aims to see how the gene combination of different breeds influences the mentioned problem. It was revealed that sheep muscular tissue obtained by crossing the North-Caucasian breeds (NC) and Texel (T) was characterized by a larger quantity of muscular fibres by 4.73 % and 10.14% (P<0.05), and a smaller diameter by 5.65 % and 18.6% (P< 0.05), a higher evaluation of marbling by 5.2 and 8.3 points, less connective tissue content by 0.8 and 1.3 absolute percentage compared to thoroughbred North-Caucasian and from crossing North-Caucasian with Poll Dorset (PD). It showed that meat obtained from crossing animals of the T×NC variant is more delicate, succulent, and has a total higher quality and consumer properties. The results of different crossing indicate the reasonability to use morphological characteristics of muscular tissue on the histological level when the quality of sheep slaughtering performance had evaluated

Some non-genetic factors affecting lambs birth weight in F1 generation of Mis x Ile de France

The study aim was to know the non-genetic factors and the interaction effect on birth weight of lambs F1 generation crossed Mis x Ile de France. The data of lambs birth weight (in kg), month of birth, year of birth, season of birth, sex, birth type from progeny (F1 generation) of crossing Mis x Ile de France with a total of 388 lambs born during 2018 to 2019 recorded. The General Linear Model (GLM) procedure was used to analyze the data. The analysis of variance has shown that month of birth significantly affects lambs birth weight (P<.005). Results shows a highly significant effect of year on lambs birth weight (P<.001). The highest mean average birth weight of lambs showed on the second year. Regarding of season, lambs had the highest body weight in spring and winter, and the smallest in autumn but despite the differences in weight, season did not show any significant effect on lambs birth weight (P>.005). Sex of lambs showed no significant effect on lambs birth weight (P>.005). The birth type significantly affects birth weight of lambs (P<.001). The highest body weight are have single, then twins, triplets and quadruplets

TREND AND CURRENT SITUATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF SERBIA

Despite the very favorable natural conditions, animal breeding in Serbia are still looking for a way to stabilize production. In the last decade of the 20th century, livestock in Serbia almost halved. It reduced the number of animals and total production of all types of meat. The small farms were dominant in Serbian agriculture with an average area between 3 and 4 ha. At the end of 2014, compared to 2006 the number of animals in Serbia reduced by 16.81% in cattle, 19.09% in pigs, and 26.75% in goats. Compared to 2006, we see that the fund sheep in 2014 increased by 10.98%. production of cow's milk at the end of 2014 decreased compared to 2006 by 5.98%. Unlike cattle, in sheep is an evident trend of increase in milk production by as much as 25% in the period. Goat milk from 2006 to 2014, varied and we can say that in 2014 we produced less milk 7.31%, however, shows that the quantity of milk per animal increased, as a result of selection and better growing conditions. The amount of wool decreased by 2,52% in 2014, however, due to the low interest for wool farmers is not recorded, so that the statistical indicators are not entirely realistic. Egg production increased by 21.7%, in line with the growing number of of poultry. Serbia produces 452.000 tons of meat. From that number 73,000 tons of beef, 27,000 tons of sheep meat, 258,000 tons of pork, and 94,000 tons of poultry meat. Total meat production in our country has a tendency of stagnation or slight decline