ПЕРИОПЕРАЦИОННАЯ НУТРИТИВНАЯ ПОДДЕРЖКА ПРИ РАКЕ ЖЕЛУДКА: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ВОПРОСА

The purpose of this review was to analyze current data on nutritional support (Ns) in gastric cancer patients undergoing radical surgery. Material and methods. a literature search was conducted in the electronic databases eLIBRaRY.Ru, PubMed using the keywords «surgery», «stomach cancer», «nutrition», «ERas». Emphasis was placed on studies with a high level of evidence (systematic reviews, meta-analyses) and updated clinical recommendations of the European society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (EsPEN, 2017) and the Federation of anesthesiologists and reanimatologists of Russia (FaR, 2018). Results. Nutritional support before surgery is recommended for most patients with gastric cancer. In all cases, priority should be given to nutrients that support immunity. Immunonutrition should commence at least 57 days prior to surgery and continue postoperatively. Patients with severe malnutrition should receive preoperative Ns for 7–14 days with the use of enteral immune mixtures. supplementation of missing calories by parenteral nutrition (PN) is then recommended. In the postoperative period, renewal of Ns during the first 6–12 hours after surgery is indicated. In patients with severe malnutrition, the installation of a nutrient probe beyond distal anastomosis and the early onset of enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition are recommended. Conclusion. Nutritional management of patients with gastric cancer represents a challenge. For patients undergoing surgery, the preoperative nutritional condition directly affects postoperative prognosis, overall survival and disease-specific survival. Perioperative nutritional support is recommended for all patients. Nutritional support should be considered as a part of the strategy of accelerated rehabilitation after surgery (ERas), and it should be combined with moderate physical activity. In patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the use of full range of pre-rehabilitation measures is recommended.Целью исследования является анализ современных данных о проведении нутритивной поддержки у пациентов, оперируемых по поводу рака желудка. Материал и методы. Проведен поиск научной литературы, касающейся вопросов нутритивной поддержки при раке желудка. Использованы информационные базы данных elibrary.ru, PubMed и ключевые слова «хирургия», «рак желудка», «питание», «ERas» на русском и английском языках. Сделан акцент на исследования за последние пять лет с высоким уровнем доказательности (систематические обзоры, метаанализы) и обновленные клинические рекомендации Европейского общества парентерального и энтерального питания (EsPEN, 2017) и Федерации анестезиологов и реаниматологов России (ФАР, 2018). Результаты. Подавляющему большинству больных раком желудка перед операцией показано проведение нутритивной поддержки. Во всех случаях следует отдавать предпочтение иммунным смесям, которые надо применять не менее 5–7 дней до операции и продолжать в послеоперационном периоде. У пациентов с тяжелой нутритивной недостаточностью необходим курс предоперационной нутритивной поддержки длительностью 7–14 дней с использованием иммунных смесей энтерально, а недостающую часть необходимо обеспечить с помощью добавочного парентерального питания. В послеоперационном периоде показано возобновление нутритивной поддержки в течение первых 6–12 ч после операции. У пациентов с тяжелой нутритивной недостаточностью показана установка питательного зонда за зону дистального анастомоза и раннее начало энтерального питания и «добавочного» парентерального питания. Заключение. Нутритивная недостаточность является актуальной проблемой при раке желудка, влияет на частоту послеоперационных осложнений, общую выживаемость пациентов и косвенно – на канцерспецифическую летальность. Всем пациентам в предоперационном периоде необходимо проведение нутритивной поддержки иммунными смесями. Коррекция нутритивной недостаточности должна проводиться на всех этапах лечения, включая неоадъювантную терапию. Нутритивная поддержка должна рассматриваться как часть стратегии ускоренной реабилитации хирургических пациентов (ERas), ее следует сочетать с умеренными физическими нагрузками. У пациентов, получающих неоадъювантную химиолучевую терапию, целесообразно рассмотреть возможность проведения полного комплекса реабилитационных мероприятий

PERIOPERATIVE NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN GASTRIC CANCER PATIENTS UNDERGOING RADICAL SURGERY

The purpose of this review was to analyze current data on nutritional support (Ns) in gastric cancer patients undergoing radical surgery. Material and methods. a literature search was conducted in the electronic databases eLIBRaRY.Ru, PubMed using the keywords «surgery», «stomach cancer», «nutrition», «ERas». Emphasis was placed on studies with a high level of evidence (systematic reviews, meta-analyses) and updated clinical recommendations of the European society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (EsPEN, 2017) and the Federation of anesthesiologists and reanimatologists of Russia (FaR, 2018). Results. Nutritional support before surgery is recommended for most patients with gastric cancer. In all cases, priority should be given to nutrients that support immunity. Immunonutrition should commence at least 57 days prior to surgery and continue postoperatively. Patients with severe malnutrition should receive preoperative Ns for 7–14 days with the use of enteral immune mixtures. supplementation of missing calories by parenteral nutrition (PN) is then recommended. In the postoperative period, renewal of Ns during the first 6–12 hours after surgery is indicated. In patients with severe malnutrition, the installation of a nutrient probe beyond distal anastomosis and the early onset of enteral nutrition with supplemental parenteral nutrition are recommended. Conclusion. Nutritional management of patients with gastric cancer represents a challenge. For patients undergoing surgery, the preoperative nutritional condition directly affects postoperative prognosis, overall survival and disease-specific survival. Perioperative nutritional support is recommended for all patients. Nutritional support should be considered as a part of the strategy of accelerated rehabilitation after surgery (ERas), and it should be combined with moderate physical activity. In patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the use of full range of pre-rehabilitation measures is recommended

Biomaterials Based on Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites of Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene): The Effect of Nanotube Content on the Mechanical Properties, Biocompatibility and Hemocompatibility

Nanocomposites based on poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) (SIBS) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared and characterized in terms of tensile strength as well as bio- and hemocompatibility. It was shown that modification of CNTs using dodecylamine (DDA), featured by a long non-polar alkane chain, provided much better dispersion of nanotubes in SIBS as compared to unmodified CNTs. As a result of such modification, the tensile strength of the nanocomposite based on SIBS with low molecular weight (Mn = 40,000 g mol–1) containing 4% of functionalized CNTs was increased up to 5.51 ± 0.50 MPa in comparison with composites with unmodified CNTs (3.81 ± 0.11 MPa). However, the addition of CNTs had no significant effect on SIBS with high molecular weight (Mn~70,000 g mol−1) with ultimate tensile stress of pure polymer of 11.62 MPa and 14.45 MPa in case of its modification with 1 wt% of CNT-DDA. Enhanced biocompatibility of nanocomposites as compared to neat SIBS has been demonstrated in experiment with EA.hy 926 cells. However, the platelet aggregation observed at high CNT concentrations can cause thrombosis. Therefore, SIBS with higher molecular weight (Mn~70,000 g mol−1) reinforced by 1–2 wt% of CNTs is the most promising material for the development of cardiovascular implants such as heart valve prostheses