Genetic sources for barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) breeding in the Volga-Vyatka region

Background. The environmental conditions in the northeast of the Russian Non-Black-Soil zone require development of barley cultivars with resistance to higher soil acidity, drought and diseases. Increased productivity in stressful environments was achieved by combining different breeding techniques, including application of cell technologies.Materials and methods. Barley accessions from the unique collection of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) served as sources of useful traits. These accessions underwent field- and laboratory-based research at the FASC of the North-East, which was targeted at the main qualities of breeding value: grain yield, growing season duration, and resistance to lodging, diseases and soil stress. Cultivation of callus tissues and regeneration of barley plants were performed in vitro on artificial nutrient media modified by adding selective agents simulating the effect of natural stressors.Results and discussion. After studying the accessions from VIR for various traits of breeding value for the environments of the Volga-Vyatka region, the following breeding sources were selected: cvs. ‘Dina’ (k‑29216, Russia), ‘Andrey’ (k‑30122, Russia), etc. for their earliness; ‘Belogorsky 90’ (k‑29770, Russia), ‘Syabra’ (k‑29917, Belarus), etc. for combined high yield and earliness; ‘Musson’ (k‑30968, Russia), ‘Fenix’ (k‑30835, Ukraine), etc. for lodging resistance; ‘Dina’ (k‑29216, Russia), ‘Medikum’ (k‑30962, Russia), etc. for disease resistance; and ‘Tandem’ (k‑30883, Russia), ‘Novichok’ (k‑30806, Russia), etc. for soil stress resistance. Besides, cvs. ‘Ekolog’ (k‑29417, Russia), ‘Conrad’ (k‑30406, USA), etc. were identified as promising for cellular breeding. General principles regulating selection of initial genotypes for barley tissue culture were formulated. Of practical interest is application of cell-level breeding techniques to cultivars sensitive or moderately resistant to stressors. Accessions from VIR’s collection have been used to develop spring barley cultivars adapted to the cultivation conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region: more than 30 cultivars through hybridization and selection, and 6 cultivars with theuse of in vitro tissue culture

Association of morphological traits with lodging resistance in spring barley under the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region

Background. Lodging has an extremely negative impact on barley yield: grain quality and planting properties are deteriorated, disease incidence increases, and mechanized harvesting becomes difficult, so it is important to find new sources of lodging resistance in barley and use them in crosses and breeding programs to develop non-lodging barley cultivars.Materials and methods. Experimental work was carried out in 2018 and 2019 at Federal Agricultural Science Center of the North-East (FASC North-East), Kirov. Yield structure components and lodging resistance levels were assessed for 29 accessions from the spring barley collection. The study was based on the International COMECON List of Descriptors for the Genus Hordeum L. (subgen. Hordeum) and Methodological Guidelines for the Study and Preservation of the World Collection of Barley and Oats.Results and conclusions. Lodging resistance was observed to have a strong correlation with yield (r = 0.72) and plant height (r = –0.60), and a medium correlation with tillering (r = 0.40) and number of nodal roots at maturation (r = 0.44). No relationship was found between lodging resistance and morphological features of the second lowest internode, which means that selection of non-lodging forms by these criteria will not be effective. Lodging-resistant accessions demonstrated higher yield, tillering, productivity, 1000 grain weight, and a longer and denser ear compared to nonresistant accessions. Accessions combining high yield with lodging resistance and a set of traits promising for breeding were identified: ‘Belgorodsky 100’, ‘Naran’ (k-30892), ‘Kazminsky’ (k-30926), ‘Shchedry’ (k-31046) (Russia); ‘Syabra’ (k-30917), ‘Raider’ (Belarus); ‘Odesssky 115’ (k-29010, Ukraine), ‘Mie’ (k-30379, Estonia), ‘Rodos’ (k-30256, Poland)

Results of using cell technologies for creation of new barley varieties resistant against aluminum toxicity and drought

Results of a study of economically valuable parameters of barley regenerant lines obtained by cell selection on selective media with aluminum, hydrogen ions and polyethylene glycol are presented. Genotypes superior to the initial variety and standard variety have been identified under laboratory conditions: root length index (regenerants: 0.9–1.2 %; standard: 0.8 %) and drought resistance (regenerants: 17.8–45.2 %; standard: 8.5 %); productive parameters under growth chamber conditions (12 % increase in germination ability, 21 % increase in productive plant stand, 2.3- fold increase in grain number per ear, 1.5-fold increase in weight of grains per plant). The parameter ”weight of grains per plant” correlates with the level of alkalization of the rhizosphere zone of the investigated plants under stressful conditions in growth chamber experiments (r = 0.908). Regenerant pants are typically much less affected by phytopathogenic fungi. The genotypes screened in selective systems in vitro had advantages over the initial varieties and standard varieties in productivity, especially under provocative conditions of acid soils and moisture deficit in 2010. As a result of field tests, the genotypes of regenerant origin were identified that had consistently shown a 10.0–43.2 % higher productivity than the standard variety over several years. The proportion of varieties regenerated at the stage of competitive variety trials increased from 8.3 % (2006) to 32.4 % (2014). The varieties regenerated with high combining ability are used as the parental forms in crosses. New barley varieties Forward and Bionik have been developed on the basis of regenerant lines 917-01 and 496-07. Under edaphic stress (pH 3.8–4.5; Аl3+ 0.5–9.6 mg/100 g soil), Forward has productivity up to 5.5 t/ha and Bionik, 6.6 t/ha; which is 113–128 % higher than the standard

Effectiveness of the barley cultivar ‘Bios 1’ as source material for breeding

Background. The efficiency of breeding depends largely on the breeding method and the choice of the source material. Hybridization and mutagenesis, combined with selection, are the basic techniques in the development of promising breeding materials and adaptable cultivars of spring barley.Object and methods. The research was implemented in 2002–2019. The material for the research were 948 breeding lines (Federal Agricultural Science Center of the North-East, Kirov) developed through hybridization with cv. ‘Bios 1’, and 190 mutant samples (Vyatka State Agricultural Academy, Kirov) obtained as a result of treating barley seeds with sodium carbonate and irradiation with laser and far-red light in various combinations. The study was conducted in accordance with approved standard techniques.Results and conclusions. Various collection accessions and breeding lines were involved in crosses with cv. ‘Bios 1’. The lines were studied according to the full-scale scheme of the breeding process. As a result, only one breeding line, 52-15, having ‘Bios 1’ in its pedigree, was approved for testing in the competitive variety trial in 2019. These results attested to a low combination capacity of cv. ‘Bios 1’ and to the inefficiency of its further use in hybridization as a parent form. In Vyatka State Agricultural Academy, 190 mutant forms of barley were produced using ‘Bios 1’ as the initial form. According to the results of laboratory experiments and competitive variety trials, 5 mutant forms of barley were identified as promising. Spring barley samples, combining high yield with a set of traits valuable for breeding, were selected for further breeding work: breeding line 52-15, and mutant forms M 4-16-3, M 9-5-3 and M 11- 13 Kha. The new barley accession M 8-3-013, maturing 8 days earlier than the original cultivar, having a long (8.9 cm), wellgrained (24.3 grains) and productive (1.31 g) ear, is submitted for the State Variety Trials

Adaptability of high-protein barley genotypes under the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region

Background. Barley grain is unique raw material of versatile uses. More than 60% of the grain produced In the Volga-Vyatka region goes directly to fodder production purposes. One of the urgent tasks is to develop high-yielding cultivars with good grain quality, thus reducing protein deficiency in farm animal feeds and meeting the need for fodder grain that increases every year. Its successful solution requires a search for new high-yielding and high-protein source genotypes adapted to the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region and their involvement in the breeding process.Materials and methods. Experimental work was carried out in 2018–2020 at the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky, Kirov. Protein content in grain, yield, resistance to lodging, and duration of the growing season of 31 barley accessions were assessed. The barley collection was studied according to the International COMECON List of Descriptors for the Genus Hordeum L. and Methodological Guidelines. Protein content was measured using a universal rapid analyzer (INFRAMATIC 8620).Results and conclusions. Protein content had a strong correlation with Selyaninov’s hydrothermal coefficient in the interphase period from ear emergence to maturity (r = 0.85); the sum of effective temperatures during the entire growing season (r = 0.75); and precipitation in the period from seedling emergence to maturity (r = 0.67). Traits of breeding value (yield, lodging resistance, environmental plasticity, and stability) were observed in the following accessions: k-30574 (‘Filippa’, Sweden), k-30256 (‘Rodos’, Poland), ya-52 (‘Crusades’, Great Britain), k-35415 (NCL 95098, Argentina), k-30892 (‘Naran’, Russia), k-15619 (‘Polyarny 14’, Russia), ya-4 (752A, Switzerland), k-30349 (Landrace, Peru), k-5983 (Local, Afghanistan), k-3506 (Local, India), k-2929 (Local, China), k-2930 (Local, China), and k-5210 (‘Makbo’, Australia)

ИСТОЧНИКИ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ЯЧМЕНЯ К ГЕЛЬМИНТОСПОРИОЗНЫМ БОЛЕЗНЯМ И ИХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ В ФАНЦ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОКА

The paper explores 70 samples of spring barley from the collection of WIR under conditions of rather rigid natural infectious helminthosporioses (striped, reticulated and dark brown spotting) in FARC of the North-East in 2018-2019. The spotting was investigated 4-5 times during plants ontogenesis every 10-12 days since the phase 29 on the Cadox scale. The methodology suggested by O.S. Afanasenko (2005) was used to assess the diseases. The nature of vegetative-microbial interactions was evaluated by SCDP (square under the curve of disease progress) and IS (stability index) indicators. During immunological experiment, the authors observed 11 samples resistant to dark brown spotting with lesion rate 10.0-13.0%, SCDP parameters equal 167-223, DUT was 0.18-0.25; 18 samples resistant to reticular spotting (6.0-10.0%, PCRB - 53-103, DUT - 0.18-0.35), and 29 samples characterized by immunity and high resistance to stripe spotting (0-5.0%, SCDP - 10-75). IS - 0.01-0.09). Only 4 samples (Makbo, Kalkul, Buyan and Forward) are characterized by group non-specific resistance to reticulate and dark brown spotting and striate immunity. The longest occurrence period (2-7 days) of dark brown spotting was observed in 8 samples, and reticulum spotting (2-13 days) - in 16 samples. The paper finds out that NCL 95098 (Argentina) had the relatively long occurrence period in terms of dark brown spotting, and varieties from Afghanistan (k-5983) and China (k-2929) to reticulate spotting. Badiory, Makbo, Rodos, and Buyan varieties have equal dynamics of both spotting and slow rusting of diseases in ontogenesis. There is a weak (r = -0.33 - reticulate) and medium (r = -0.58 - dark brown) negative correlation between the latent period and the defeat. The regression equations (y = -0,6071x+6,8571; R2 = 0,917 - dark brown; y = -0,3941x+11,35; R2 = 0,733 - reticulated) show that from infection to the first disease symptoms, their daily increase in trend is 0,61 and 0,39%. Kalkul, NCL 95098, Badioryi and Buyan varieties are seen as effective promising for selection programs to produce high yield adaptive varieties under the conditions of the region. Apart from stability, they are distinguished by the number of productive stems, long, well-grained ears and high productivity.В условиях достаточно жесткого естественного инфекционного фона гельминтоспориозов (полосатая, сетчатая и темно-бурая пятнистости) в ФГБНУ ФАНЦ Северо-Востока в 2018–2019 гг. изучено 70 образцов ярового ячменя из коллекции ВИР. Учет пятнистостей проводили 4–5 раз в течение онтогенеза растений каждые 10–12 дней начиная с фазы 29 по шкале Цадокса. При учете болезней использовали методику О.С. Афанасенко (2005). Характер растительно-микробных взаимодействий оценивали по показателям ПКРБ (площадь под кривой развития болезни) и ИУ (индекс устойчивости). В ходе иммунологического менеджмента выявлено 11 образцов, устойчивых к темно-бурой пятнистости, при степени поражения 10,0–13,0%, значениях ПКРБ 167–223, ИУ – 0,18–0,25; 18 образцов, устойчивых к сетчатой пятнистости (6,0–10,0%, ПКРБ – 53-103, ИУ – 0,18–0,35), и 29 образцов, характеризующихся иммунитетом и высокой устойчивостью к полосатой пятнистости (0–5,0%, ПКРБ – 10–75. ИУ – 0,01–0,09). Однако только 4 образца (Makbo, Калькуль, Буян и Форвард) отличаются групповой неспецифической устойчивостью к сетчатой и темно-бурой пятнистости и иммунитетом к полосатой. Наиболее продолжительный латентный период (2–7 суток) темно-бурой пятнистости выявлен у 8 образцов, сетчатой пятнистости (2–13 суток) – у 16 образцов. По отношению к темно-бурой пятнистости относительно длинный латентный период имел сорт NCL 95098 (Аргентина), к сетчатой пятнистости – местные сорта из Афганистана (к-5983) и Китая (к-2929). Однако только сорта Бадьорый, Makbo, Rodos и Буян характеризуются равноценной динами кой развития обоих пятнистостей и медленным нарастанием (slow rusting) болезней в онтогенезе. Между продолжительностью латентного периода и поражением установлена слабая (r = -0,33 ‒ сетчатая) и средняя (r = -0,58 ‒ темно-бурая) отрицательная зависимость. Уравнения регрессии (у = -0,6071х+6,8571; R2 = 0,917 – темно-бурая; у = -0,3941х+11,35; R2 = 0,733‒ сетчатая) свидетельствуют, что от заражения до появления первых симптомов болезней суточное нарастание их по тренду составляет 0,61 и 0,39%. Перспективными для использования в селекционных программах по созданию высокоурожайных адаптивных к условиям региона являются сорта Калькуль, NCL 95098, Бадьорый и Буян. Кроме устойчивости, они выделяются количеством продуктивных стеблей, длинным, хорошо озерненным колосом и высокой продуктивностью

Environment-forming activity of barley regenerants root systems in the conditions of acid soils toxicity

Regenerative lines of barley 917-01, 781-04, 441-05, 530-98 obtained by cell selection on acid selective media with aluminum, were evaluated with regard to the original sorts 999-93, Novichok and standard Bios 1 in the laboratory, vegetative and field experiments. The dynamics of changes in the medium acidity by the roots of barley seedlings and their biometric indicators against the control (pH 6.0) and stress (pH 4.0 and pH 4.0 + Al3+ 20 mg/l) backgrounds were studied in the aquatic culture. Regenerated 917-01 and 781-04 were alkalinizing water actively (by 2.4-2.5 pH units) against the background of intensive root growth compared to the control (43%) and biomass accumulation (10%). The solution acidity of Novichok and its regenerantive genotype 441-05 was changing slightly. In vegetation experiments, the environment-forming activity of the regenerative line 530-98 in changing the acidity and content of free aluminum in the zone of the rhizosphere was studied. On soil background with pH 3.9 and A13+ 5.6 mg/100 g of soil the level of alkalization reached 0.7 units of pH at decrease in amount of free aluminum by 4.23 mg / 100 g of soil that 1.8 times exceeded the similar indicators of the standard Bios 1. With stress intensification, the increased productivity of the regenerant relative to the standard up to 2 times was revealed (by 0.66 t/ha on the soil background at pH 3.7 and Al 21 mg/100 g of soil). In favorable conditions of cultivation, the productivity of regenerants decreased relative to the standard. In the competitive tests the regenerative genotypes 917-01 and 530-98, possessing high medium forming activity of the root system, were among the best breeding numbers. Line 917-01 received the status of the sort (the Forward). Not all regenerants possessed breeding value. Selection in vitro of Al- resistant sort Novichok has not led to positive results. The conclusion about expediency of involvement in cellular selection of genotypes with low level of stress resistance and potentially high adaptive variability has been made

Barley variety 'Forvard' of regenerant origin

The results of breeding work on the creation of high-yielding spring barley varieties that are resistant to increased content of aluminium ions in acidic sod-podzolic soils with use of regenerant lines RA 917-01, RA 780-04, RA 781-04 from original genotype 999-93 were presented. Seed progeny of regenerated plants in generations R3 - R7 were evaluated in laboratory and field experiments. In a roll culture it was showed an excess of root length index by 9.3 - 29% for the genotypes of regenerant origin compared with the standard and the initial variety. In field tests the advantage of all regenerant lines on the level of productivity and yield in drought conditions of 2010. The productive indicators of RA 780-04 and RA 917-01 were higher than in favourable 2009. Based on regenerant line RA 917-01 a new variety of spring barley Forward was created. The variety has high productivity, resistance to complex of abiotic and biotic stressors.Variety Forward is recommended for use in acidic sod-podzolic soils of the Volga-Vyatka region. In competitive varietal tests the yield of varieties was made up 6.17 t/ha that is on average 0.61 t/ha higher than the previous standard. During two years of state tests (since 2014) on the stations of the Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic Forward exceeded standard variety Dina by 0.16 t/ha at yield of 2.74 t/ha. Cultivation of the variety 'Forvard' allows to reduce cost price by 7.2-11% and to obtain net income 21.4 up to 33.7 thousand rubles/ha (in prices of 2015) in dependence of growing conditions

New spring barley variety Forsazh

Results of perennial breeding activity on creation of high-yield early variety Forsazh is presented in the article. Choice of parental components of crossing is based. Maternal variety Dina - early high-yielding resistant to complex of diseases, having high fodder value (protein content up to 19.8%) was created by hybridization followed with multiple individual selections from hybrid population Dzoz-502 (Ethiopia) x Domen (Norwey). Paternal variety was line 855-91. Its high productivity and good quality of grain is conditioned by existing in its genealogy such varieties as Hiproly (USA) - donor of high content of protein and lysine in grain, and Viner (Russia) created by individual selection from local barley of former Vyatka province and had is characteristic as high plastic, tolerant to high soil acidity, to spring drought and high temperatures during grain ripening. Crossing varieties Dina and 855-91 was directed to creation of genotype adaptive to stress conditions of the region, combining high productivity and earliness. As a result, new spring barley variety Forsazh was created and passed to State test. The variety forms productivity up to 5.71 t/ha exceeds standard variety by 0.21...1.43 t/ha. Forsazh has the same earliness as Dina. It has large-size grain having good technological properties: 1000 grain mass is 44... 51 g, test weight - 697 g/l, huskiness - 7.9%, content of protein in grain - 11.1%, extractivity - 77.7%. Under natural field condition, the variety has low defeat with dust smut (up to 1.0%). At artificial contamination& the variety was sensitive to this disease. Forsazh is characterized with moderate resistance to root rot in the beginning of ontogenesis and high resistance to spot blotch both in the beginning and in the end of growth season

INFLUENCE OF A CULTIVAR AND CONDITIONS OF VEGETATION ON SOWING FEATURES OF BARLEY DURING STORAGE

The experiments revealed the effect of the year of spring barley cultivation upon preservation of laboratory germination during storage. The seeds of spring barley varieties ‘Novichok’, ‘Lel’, ‘Tandem’ cultivated under contrasting vegetation conditions in Kirov region in 2007-08 have been laid for storage after the first year yield. The studies showed specificity of the barley cultivar according to the ability to preserve seed germination during long storage. The cultivar ‘Lel’ is characterized by the largest potential of biological longevity, which kept seed germination during five years of storage. The varieties differed in the time of seed aging. During all period of storage, laboratory germination of the varieties ‘Lel’, ‘Novichok’ and ‘Tandem’ was reduced on 3,0%, 3,8% and 6,5% respectively. The analysis of weather conditions was carried out during the period of grain ripening. The results of double factor variance analysis showed a significant effect of the factors ‘variety’, ‘year’ and their interaction on safety of laboratory seed germination during long storage. There are some authentic distinctions in germination among the seeds, grown in the years with different growing conditions. The studies showed that barley cultivars have various potential of agronomic longevity. The seeds of variety ‘Tandem’ kept their sowing properties during three years, the seeds of varieties ‘Lel’ and ‘Novichok’ kept their sowing properties during four-five years. It’s necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the cultivars and conditions of plant germination in the year of yield if the seeds are laid for a long storage