Tutoring Bishop-Pawn Endgames: An Experiment in Using Knowledge-Based Chess as a Domain for Intelligent Tutoring

Most research in computer chess has focussed on creating an excellent chess player, with relatively little concern given to modelling how humans play chess. The research reported in this paper is aimed at investigating knowledgebased chess in the context of building a prototype chess tutor, UMRAO, which helps students learn how to play bishop-pawn endgames. In tutoring it is essential to take a knowledge-based approach, since students must learn how to manipulate strategic concepts, not how to carry out large-scale lookahead searches. UMRAO uses an extension of Michie's [1977] advice language to represent expert and novice chess plans. For any given endgame the system is able to compile the plans into a strategy graph, which elaborates strategies (both well-formed and ill-formed) that students might use as they solve the endgame problem. A strategy graph can be compiled "off-line", where real time performance is not important. Later, during tutoring, the strategy graph can be accessed ..

UMRAO: A Chess Endgame Tutor

Most research in computer chess has focussed on creating an excellent chess player, with relatively little concern given to modelling how humans play chess. The research reported in this paper is aimed at investigating knowledge-based chess in the context of building a prototype chess tutor, UMRAO, which helps students learn how to play bishop-pawn endgames. In tutoring it is essential to take a knowledge-based approach, since students must learn how to manipulate strategic concepts, not how to carry out minimax search. UMRAO uses an extension of Michic's advice language to represent expert and novice chess plans. For any given endgame the system is able to compile the plans into a strategy graph, which elaborates strategies (both well-formed and ill-formed) that students might use as they solve the endgame problem. Strategy graphs can be compiled "off-line " so that they can be used in real time tutoring. We show that the normally rigid "model tracing " tutoring paradigm can be used in a flexible way in this domain.

Low-grade osteosarcoma of the ethmoid sinus.

Osteosarcoma uncommonly arises in craniofacial bones and has only rarely been reported to arise in the ethmoid sinus. Most primary osteosarcomas arising in paranasal sinuses are high-grade malignancies. A low-grade osteosarcoma arising in the ethmoid sinus has not previously been described. We report the clinical, radiological and histological findings of a case of low-grade (parosteal osteosarcoma-like) osteosarcoma which arose in the ethmoid sinus