Heat balance of the Earth

Results of improved calculations of the heat balance components of Earth's surface are reported for yearly average conditions. The technique used to determine the heat-balance components from land- and sea-based actinometric observations as well as from satellite data on the radiation balance of the Earth-atmosphere system is described, with special attention given to short-wavelength solar radiation on the continents, effective radiation from the land surface, the radiation balance of the ocean surface, heat expended by both evaporation from the ocean surface, and turbulent heat transfer between the ocean surface and the atmosphere. World maps of heat-balance components show yearly average values of total radiation, radiation balance, heat expended by evaporation, the turbulent heat flow between Earth's surface and atmosphere, and heat transfer between the ocean surface and underlying waters. The global surface heat balance is estimated along with global values of the various components and the heat-balance components for different latitude zones

Analysis of the Specificity of the Social Integration of People Living in Urban and Rural Areas

Analysis of the Specificity of the Social Integration of People Living in Urban and Rural Areas / E. A. Chefonova [et al.] // The Social Sciences. - 2016. - N11(10).-P. 2408-2412. - Refer.: p. 2411-2412.The study presents an analysis of the social integration of people living in urban (small towns and urban-type settlements) and rural areas Prokhorovsky, Rakityansky, Yakov lev sky of the Belgorod region (Russia). Sociological research is carried out by using the method of questionnaire which provided the primary dat

Features of physical therapy of people with endocrine system pathology

Aim:To check the effectiveness of the program of physical therapy of patients with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: The study involved 30 people (25-35-year-old women) with type 1 diabetes of moderate severity of the disease in the subcompensation stage, who were at the sanatorium stage of treatment. Patients, along with following a diet and insulin therapy, were engaged in physical exercises according to the author’s program based on the Nordic Walking. Assessment of the impact of physical rehabilitation was performed on blood sugar level, heart rate, blood pressure. Results: It is established that at the end of the experiment the blood sugar level of the EG patients significantly (p≤0.05) decreased by 0.8 mmol/l (7.54%), in contrast to CG, where the difference is 0.3 mmol/l (2.75%) and is unreliable (p≥0.05). This indicates the effectiveness of the developed program of physical therapy for diabetic patients based on Nordic Walking classes in combination with traditional methods of treatment. Conclusions: Nordic Walking classes for patients with type 1 diabetes help to increase insulin sensitivity, stabilize blood pressure, reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease, increase immunity, expand the functional capabilities of the body, improve the well-being and psychoemotional state of patients

BRAIN AND EYE AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR IONIZING RADIATION IMPACT: PART II – RADIATION CEREBRO-OPHTALMIC EFFECTS IN CHILDREN, PERSONS EXPOSED IN UTERO, ASTRONAUTS AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGISTS

Background. Ionizing radiation (IR) can affect the brain and the visual organ even at low doses, while provoking cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and visual disorders. We proposed to consider the brain and the visual organ as potential targets for the influence of IR with the definition of cerebro-ophthalmic relationships as the «eye-brain axis». Objective. The present work is a narrative review of current experimental, epidemiological and clinical data on radiation cerebro-ophthalmic effects in children, individuals exposed in utero, astronauts and interventional radiologists. Materials and methods. The review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines by searching the abstract and scientometric databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, published from 1998 to 2021, as well as the results of manual search of peer-reviewed publications. Results. Epidemiological data on the effects of low doses of IR on neurodevelopment are quite contradictory, while data on clinical, neuropsychological and neurophysiological on cognitive and cerebral disorders, especially in the left, dominant hemisphere of the brain, are nore consistent. Cataracts (congenital – after in utero irradiation) and retinal angiopathy are more common in prenatally-exposed people and children. Astronauts, who carry out longterm space missions outside the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere, will be exposed to galactic cosmic radiation (heavy ions, protons), which leads to cerebro-ophthalmic disorders, primarily cognitive and behavioral disorders and cataracts. Interventional radiologists are a special risk group for cerebro-ophthalmic pathology – cognitive deficits, mainly due to dysfunction of the dominant and more radiosensitive left hemisphere of the brain, and cataracts, as well as early atherosclerosis and accelerated aging. Conclusions. Results of current studies indicate the high radiosensitivity of the brain and eye in different contingents of irradiated persons. Further research is needed to clarify the nature of cerebro-ophthalmic disorders in different exposure scenarios, to determine the molecular biological mechanisms of these disorders, reliable dosimetric support and taking into account the influence of non-radiation risk factors. Key words: ionizing radiation, brain, eye, cerebro-ophthalmic effects, radiation emergencies, prenatal irradiation, space flights, interventional radiology

Transcriptional Activation of REST by Sp1 in Huntington's Disease Models

In Huntington's disease (HD), mutant huntingtin (mHtt) disrupts the normal transcriptional program of disease neurons by altering the function of several gene expression regulators such as Sp1. REST (Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription Factor), a key regulator of neuronal differentiation, is also aberrantly activated in HD by a mechanism that remains unclear. Here, we show that the level of REST mRNA is increased in HD mice and in NG108 cells differentiated into neuronal-like cells and expressing a toxic mHtt fragment. Using luciferase reporter gene assay, we delimited the REST promoter regions essential for mHtt-mediated REST upregulation and found that they contain Sp factor binding sites. We provide evidence that Sp1 and Sp3 bind REST promoter and interplay to fine-tune REST transcription. In undifferentiated NG108 cells, Sp1 and Sp3 have antagonistic effect, Sp1 acting as an activator and Sp3 as a repressor. Upon neuronal differentiation, we show that the amount and ratio of Sp1/Sp3 proteins decline, as does REST expression, and that the transcriptional role of Sp3 shifts toward a weak activator. Therefore, our results provide new molecular information to the transcriptional regulation of REST during neuronal differentiation. Importantly, specific knockdown of Sp1 abolishes REST upregulation in NG108 neuronal-like cells expressing mHtt. Our data together with earlier reports suggest that mHtt triggers a pathogenic cascade involving Sp1 activation, which leads to REST upregulation and repression of neuronal genes

Structural Heterogeneity and Quantitative FRET Efficiency Distributions of Polyprolines through a Hybrid Atomistic Simulation and Monte Carlo Approach

Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) experiments probe molecular distances via distance dependent energy transfer from an excited donor dye to an acceptor dye. Single molecule experiments not only probe average distances, but also distance distributions or even fluctuations, and thus provide a powerful tool to study biomolecular structure and dynamics. However, the measured energy transfer efficiency depends not only on the distance between the dyes, but also on their mutual orientation, which is typically inaccessible to experiments. Thus, assumptions on the orientation distributions and averages are usually made, limiting the accuracy of the distance distributions extracted from FRET experiments. Here, we demonstrate that by combining single molecule FRET experiments with the mutual dye orientation statistics obtained from Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, improved estimates of distances and distributions are obtained. From the simulated time-dependent mutual orientations, FRET efficiencies are calculated and the full statistics of individual photon absorption, energy transfer, and photon emission events is obtained from subsequent Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the FRET kinetics. All recorded emission events are collected to bursts from which efficiency distributions are calculated in close resemblance to the actual FRET experiment, taking shot noise fully into account. Using polyproline chains with attached Alexa 488 and Alexa 594 dyes as a test system, we demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by direct comparison to experimental data. We identified cis-isomers and different static local environments as sources of the experimentally observed heterogeneity. Reconstructions of distance distributions from experimental data at different levels of theory demonstrate how the respective underlying assumptions and approximations affect the obtained accuracy. Our results show that dye fluctuations obtained from MD simulations, combined with MC single photon kinetics, provide a versatile tool to improve the accuracy of distance distributions that can be extracted from measured single molecule FRET efficiencies

Melanosomes in pigmented epithelia maintain eye lens transparency during zebrafish embryonic development

Altered levels of trace elements are associated with increased oxidative stress that is eventually responsible for pathologic conditions. Oxidative stress has been proposed to be involved in eye diseases, including cataract formation. We visualized the distribution of metals and other trace elements in the eye of zebrafish embryos by micro X-ray fluorescence (mu-XRF) imaging. Many elements showed highest accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the zebrafish embryo. Knockdown of the zebrafish brown locus homologues tyrp1a/b eliminated accumulation of these elements in the RPE, indicating that they are bound by mature melanosomes. Furthermore, albino (slc45a2) mutants, which completely lack melanosomes, developed abnormal lens reflections similar to the congenital cataract caused by mutation of the myosin chaperon Unc45b, and an in situ spin trapping assay revealed increased oxidative stress in the lens of albino mutants. Finally transplanting a wildtype lens into an albino mutant background resulted in cataract formation. These data suggest that melanosomes in pigment epithelial cells protect the lens from oxidative stress during embryonic development, likely by buffering trace elements.Peer reviewe

DC3 IS EIGHT-WHEELS LOCOMOTIVE WITH THE SECOND METHOD OF TRACTION RATIO, RATING OF DISCHARGING LOADS AND ADDITIONAL ONES OF ITS WHEELS AND DEFLECTIONS OF SPRING SUSPENSION DURING THE TRACTIONS EFFORTS TRANSFER FROM BOGIES TO CAR BODY WITH USING RECLINING

In the article the calculation formulas for determination of unloadings (finish loadings) of wheels and bendings of a spring suspension of eight-wheel electric locomotive DS3 with the traction transmission of the second kind at transmitting the traction forces from bogies to body by means of sloping rods are presented. The numeral calculations on the example of main line freight-and-passenger electric locomotive DS3 are performed

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICALY ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN MIXTURE OF MULTIVITAMIN RAW MATERIAL OF FOLIA URTICAE AND FRUCTUS SORBI (REVIEW)

The article presents the chemical composition of medicinal plants the mixture of the multivitamin raw material. The methods of identification biologically active compounds, depending on their nature, such as the qualitative of the reaction, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography are considered. Methods of quantitative definition as separate components of a metabolom of folia Urticae and fructus Sorbi, and total content of biologically active connections are given

Periscope antenna reradiator based on two coupled arrays

Planar structures reradiating electromagnetic waves are widely used now. Such structures can be seen as planar analogues of reflector antennas. One of perspective variants of their application may be a planar horizontal reradiator of periscope antenna system. The present paper suggests a variant of reradiating structure with longitudinal-broadside reradiation. The suggested structure is simple and manufacturable. Its application as horizontal reradiator for periscope antenna system (PAS) will simplify the design considerably due to load reduction.Periscope antenna systems (PAS), used in radio communication, are large stationary structures. But application of horizontal reradiating array in such structure as reradiator allows simplifying reradiator bearing-lifting gear. At that, basic requirement is capability of reradiator to re-emit power in direction longitudinal to its plane. The second part of the paper introduces PAS reradiator structure on the basis of two coupled antenna arrays. The suggested methods of calculation are supported by experimental investigation of model of the reradiating structure