Effect of extreme El Niño events on the precipitation of Ecuador

Extreme El Niño events stand out not only because they have powerful impacts but also because they are significantly different from other El Niños. In Ecuador, such events are accountable for negatively impacting the economy, infrastructure, and population. Spatial–temporal dynamics of precipitation anomalies from various types of extreme El Niño events are analyzed and compared. Results show that for eastern Pacific (EP) and coastal Pacific (COA) El Niño types, most precipitation extremes occur in the first half of the second year of the event. Any significant difference between events becomes more evident at this stage. Spatially, for any event, 50 % of all extreme anomalies occurred at elevations &lt; 150 m. The difference between events was significant when considering the altitude when reaching 80 % of all extreme anomalies: the eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño from 1997/98 (EP98) at 500 m, the El Niño from January to April 2017 (COA17) at 800 m, and the EP El Niño from 1982/83 (EP83) at 1000 m. Nevertheless, in some sectors of the Andean Cordillera, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal could be detected at 3200–3900 m. The distance to the coastline and the steepness of relief may play a determining role. At lowlands, anomalies are most severe in regions where the seasonality index is the highest. These results are useful at different decision-making levels for identifying the most appropriate practices reducing vulnerability from a potential increase in extreme El Niño frequency and intensity.</p