Adult urinary bladder tumors with rabdomyosarcomatous differentiation: Clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical studies

Adult rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in the urinary bladder is rare, and is the subject of case reports and small series. It consists of sheets of small round blue cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, brisk mitosis and apoptosis. In this study, we reported one case of pure rhabdomyosarcoma and two cases of urothelial carcinomas with extensive rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. In addition, their immunohistochemical profile was compared to that of small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Our study showed that sufficient sampling was critical for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma with extensive rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. As adult RMS in the bladder and urothelial carcinoma with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation shared morphological features with small cell carcinoma of the bladder, appropriate immunohistochemical stains were necessary in the differential diagnosis. We showed both rhabdomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcomatous areas of the urothelial carcinoma were positive for myogenin, negative for cytokeratin and chromogranin stains. In contrast, small cell carcinoma was positive for cytokeratin, and 7 out of 9 cases were also positive for chromogranin. Both rhabdomyosarcoma and small cell carcinoma could be positive for synaptophysin, a potential pitfall to avoid. In addition, all of the tumors with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation were negative for FKHR rearrangement

A new technique for optimal allocation and sizing of capacitors and setting of LTC

An iterative based strategy is proposed for finding the optimal rating and location of fixed and switched capacitors in distribution networks. The substation Load Tap Changer tap is also set during this procedure. A Modified Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization is employed in the proposed strategy. The objective function is composed of the distribution line loss cost and the capacitors investment cost. The line loss is calculated using estimation of the load duration curve to multiple levels. The constraints are the bus voltage and the feeder current which should be maintained within their standard range.\ud \ud For validation of the proposed method, two case studies are tested. The first case study is the semi-urban 37-bus distribution system which is connected at bus 2 of the Roy Billinton Test System which is located in the secondary side of a 33/11 kV distribution substation. The second case is a 33 kV distribution network based on the modification of the 18-bus IEEE distribution system. The results are compared with prior publications to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed strategy.\u

Integrated distribution systems planning to improve reliability under load growth

Abstract—In this paper, an integrated methodology is proposed for planning distribution networks in which the operation of distributed generators (DGs) and cross-connections (CCs) is optimally planned. Distribution lines and high-voltage/medium-voltage (HV/MV) transformers are also optimally upgraded in order to improve system reliability and to minimize line losses under load growth. An objective functionis constituted, composed of the investment cost, loss cost, and reliability cost. The energy savings that result from installing DGs is also included in this function. The bus voltage and line currentare maintained within their standard bounds as constraints. DG output power is used as another constraint, where this should not be less than 30% of the generator’s rated power; otherwise,the unit is not switched on. The modified discrete particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is employed in this paper for optimizing this planning problem. To evaluate the proposed approach,the distribution system connected to bus 4 of the Roy Billinton test system is used. Four different scenarios are assessed. In the first scenario, a basic planning approach is studied. In thesecond scenario, the use of DG is planned to avoid the line and transformer upgrading. In the third scenario, CC-based planning is studied when no DG exists. Finally, the proposed technique, inwhich all technologies are included, is investigated in the fourth scenario. The outcomes demonstrate that the lowest cost plan results when all technologies are incorporated as proposed in this paper. A study is performed to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed PSO-based optimization method. The results highlight the applicability of this method for solving the distribution network planning problem

Planning of distribution networks in presence of Distributed Generators and cross-connections

In this paper, the optimal location and output power of Distributed Generators (DGs) along with the location and type of cross-connections are determined as the transformer and feeders are optimally upgraded. These are all to improve system reliability and to minimize line losses under load growth. Given this, an objective function is constituted, composed of the investment cost, loss cost, reliability cost, and the energy saving resulting from DG injection. As constraints, the bus voltage, line current, and DG power are maintained within their bounds. The modified discrete particle swarm optimization method is employed in this paper for optimizing this planning problem. The distribution system, connected to bus 4 of the Roy Billinton test system, is used to evaluate the proposed technique. Three different scenarios are assessed. In the first scenario, a basic planning approach is studied. In the second scenario, the use of DG is planned to avoid extra line and transformer upgrades. Finally, the proposed technique, in which all technologies are included, is investigated in the third scenario. The outcomes demonstrate that the lowest cost plan results when all technologies are incorporated as proposed in this work

Optimal Distribution Network Reinforcement Considering Load Growth, Line Loss, and Reliability

In this paper, a new comprehensive planning methodology is proposed for implementing distribution network reinforcement. The load growth, voltage profile, distribution line loss, and reliability are considered in this procedure. A time-segmentation technique is employed to reduce the computational load. Options considered range from supporting the load growth using the traditional approach of upgrading the conventional equipment in the distribution network, through to the use of dispatchable distributed generators (DDG). The objective function is composed of the construction cost, loss cost and reliability cost. As constraints, the bus voltages and the feeder currents should be maintained within the standard level. The DDG output power should not be less than a ratio of its rated power because of efficiency. A hybrid optimization method, called modified discrete particle swarm optimization, is employed to solve this nonlinear and discrete optimization problem. A comparison is performed between the optimized solution based on planning of capacitors along with tap-changing transformer and line upgrading and when DDGs are included in the optimization