4 research outputs found
Paying Enough Taxes Already? Testing the Acceptability of Carbon Taxes with Survey Data
Angiogenesis in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels, is found in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) demyelinating lesions following
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) release and the production of several other angiogenic molecules. The
increased energy demand of inflammatory cuffs and damaged neural cells explains the strong angiogenic response
in plaques and surrounding white matter. An angiogenic response has also been documented in an experimental
model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), where blood
–
brain barrier disruption and vascular
remodelling appeared in a pre-symptomatic disease phase. In both MS and EAE, VEGF acts as a pro-inflammatory
factor in the early phase but its reduced responsivity in the late phase can disrupt neuroregenerative attempts, since
VEGF naturally enhances neuron resistance to injury and regulates
neural progenitor proliferation, migration, differentiation
and oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) survival and migrati
on to demyelinated lesions. An
giogenesis, neurogenesis and
oligodendroglia maturation are closely intertwined in the neurovascular niches of the subventricular zone, one of the
preferential locations of inflammatory lesions in MS, and in all the other temporary vascular niches where the mutual
fostering of angiogenesis and OPC maturation occurs. Angiogenesis, induced either by CNS inflammation or by hypoxic
stimuli related to neurovascular uncoupling, appears to be ineffective in chronic MS due to a counterbalancing effect
of vasoconstrictive mechanisms determined by the reduced axonal activity, astrocyte dysfunction, microglia secretion
of free radical species and mitochondrial abnormalities. Thus, angiogenesis, that supplies several trophic factors, should
be promoted in therapeutic neuroregeneration efforts to combat the progressive, degenerative phase of MS