О СЛУЧАЯХ ВСТРЕЧАЕМОСТИ Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) FREEBORN, 1923 В ЯЙЦАХ КУР И ИХ ПРИЧИНА

Analysis of the generalized literature reports and the own case of detection Ascaridia galli in chicken eggs is provided. Data on migration and unusual localization of these nematodes and larvae of species of the suborder Ascaridata are being discussed (Skryabin, 1915). The results allow us to presume that the incorrect localization of parasites is not casuistry but a component of parasites' evolution, their survival and expansion of their habitat. Description of morphology A. galli detected in a bird's egg is submitted. Figures of separate body parts and organs A. galli are presented. The unusual localization of helminths is a result of changing physical and biochemical conditions of their habitat and biological competition with other inhabitants including own species at high intensity of infection. Measures of protection against ascariasis and its therapy are necessary to prevent ascarids (roundworms) in birds' eggs. The prevention measures consist in avoiding infection of birds. The results of coproovoscopy shown that birds’ dehelmintization contributes to their migration. Представлен анализ обобщенных литературных сообщений и собственного случая обнаружения аскаридий Ascaridia galli в яйцах кур. Обсуждаются данные о миграции и необычной локализации этих нематод и личинок представителей подотряда Ascaridata (Sckrjabin, 1915). Результаты дают возможность считать, что «извращенная» локализация не казуистическое явление, а эволюционная составляющая паразитов, их выживаемости и расширения сферы обитания. Дано описание морфологии A. galli, обнаруженных в яйце птицы. Приведены рисунки отдельных частей и органов A. galli. Необычная локализация гельминтов является следствием изменения физических и биохимических условий среды их обитания и биологическая конкуренция с другими обитателями, в том числе и собственного вида при высокой интенсивности инвазии. Предупреждением появления аскаридий в яйцах птиц служит профилактика и терапия аскаридиоза. Профилактика заключается в недопущении заражения птиц. Дегельминтизация по результатам копроовоскопии способствует их миграции.

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium muris from various hosts

Isolates of Cryptosporidium muris and C. serpentis were characterized from different hosts using nucleotide sequence analysis of the rDNA 18S and ITS1 regions, and the heat-shock (HSP-70) gene. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed preliminary evidence that C. muris is not a uniform species. Two distinct genotypes were identified within C. muris; (1) C. muris genotype A; comprising bovine and camel isolates of C. muris from different geographical locations, and (2) C. muris genotype B comprising C. muris isolates from mice, a hamster, a rock hyrax and a camel from the same enclosure. These 2 genotypes may represent separate species but further biological and molecular studies are required for confirmation

A redescription of Cryptosporidium galli Pavlasek, 1999 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from birds

Clyptosporidium galli Pavlasek, 1999, described from the feces of birds, is redescribed with additional molecular and biological data. Oocysts are ellipsoidal, are passed fully sporulated, lack sporocysts, and measure 8.25 × 6.3 μm (range 8.0-8.5 × 6.2-6.4 μm) with a length-width ratio of 1.30 (n = 50). Oocysts are structurally similar to those of Cryptosporidium baileyi described from chickens, but in addition to being considerably larger than oocysts of C. baileyi, these oocysts infect the proventriculus in a variety of birds and not the respiratory tract. Oocysts were successfully transmitted from chickens to chickens, and morphologically similar oocysts also were observed in a variety of exotic and wild birds (Order Passeriformes, Phasianidae, Fringillidae, and Icteridae). Molecular and phylogenetic analyses at the 18S rRNA, HSP70, and actin gene loci demonstrate that this species is genetically distinct from all known species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and, thus, was named C. galli

Cryptosporidium varanii takes precedence over C. saurophilum

We present biological as well as genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium varanii at the 18S rRNA and actin loci and show that it is genetically identical to C. saurophilum. As C. varanii was described prior to C. saurophilum, it takes precedence over C. saurophilum and therefore C. saurophilum should be considered a junior synonym of C. varanii

Prevalência de Cryptosporidium serpentis em serpentes de cativeiro Prevalence of Cryptosporidium serpentis in captive snakes

Cryptosporidium é um protozoário encontrado em uma grande variedade de espécies animais como responsável por casos de gastrite e enterite, porém com epidemiologia pouco conhecida em animais silvestres. A presente investigação teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de Cryptosporidium serpentis em lavado gástrico de serpentes mantidas em cativeiro no serpentário do Instituto Butantan (São Paulo, Brasil). A coleta foi realizada uma semana após alimentação, evitando, assim, a regurgitação devido à manipulação. Foram realizados esfregaços do sedimento do lavado gástrico, obtido por centrifugação, corados pela técnica de coloração de Kinyoun. Parte do sedimento foi submetido à técnica de RFLP-PCR para identificação da espécie de Cryptosporidium. O serpentário é dividido em três seções, por espécie - a primeira com oito jibóias (Boa constrictor amarali), a segunda com dez jararacas (Bothropoides jararaca) e a última com sete cascavéis (Caudisona durissa). A prevalência de C. serpentis encontrada neste estudo para as serpentes C. durissa, B. jararaca e Boa c. amarali, foi de 57,14% (04/07), 40% (04/10) e 37,5% (03/08), respectivamente, revelando importante ocorrência desse protozoário em serpentes de cativeiro. Apesar da alta prevalência encontrada, apenas as jiboias apresentaram sintomas como perda de peso e regurgitação, refletindo uma sensibilidade diferente da espécie para C. serpentis.<br>Cryptosporidium is a protozoan found in a wide variety of animal species which is responsible for gastritis and enteritis, but its epidemiology is poorly known in wild animals. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium serpentis in gastric aspirate of captive snakes from the public serpentarium of the Butantan Institute (São Paulo, Brazil). Sampling was performed preferably one week after feeding, thereby preventing regurgitation due to manipulation. Smears were done from the gastric aspirate sediment obtained by centrifugation and stained by Kinyoun technique. Part of the pellet was submitted to RFLP-PCR technique for amplification of Cryptosporidium segment (833bp, CSP01) of SSU rRNA gene. The serpentarium was divided in three sections by species - the first housing eight Amaral&acute;s Boa (Boa constrictor amarali), the second with ten jararacas (Bothropoides jararaca) and the last one with seven south american rattlesnakes (Caudisona durissa). The prevalence of C. serpentis found in this study for the snakes C. durissa, B. jararaca and B. constrictor was 57.14% (04/07), 40% (04/10) and 37.5% (03/08), respectively, thus revealing the high occurrence of this protozoan among captive snakes. Despite the high prevalence found, only B. constrictor amarali presented symptoms as regurgitation and weight loss, probably due to a different sensibility of this species to C. serpentis